📚 Textbook Topic Analysis Report

Subjects: Biology, chemistry, physics

Total Chapters: 102 | Total Topics: 733

1. Topic Overview

List of all discovered topics with their Gemma-generated names and top keywords.

Topic Count Name Representation topic_name Top 10 Keywords
-1 29634 -1_water_temperature_gas_atoms [water, temperature, gas, atoms, force, species, energy, heat, example, hydrogen, electrons, current, charge, figure, molecules, electron, mass, frequency, pressure, light, cells, plant, form, does, small, plants, like, oxygen, electromagnetic, used, work, different, time, change, air, large, solution, transfer, body, carbon, particles, process, ions, called, given, voltage, object, resistance, number, electric] Water water, temperature, gas, atoms, force, species, energy, heat, example, hydrogen
0 642 0_physics_science_scientific_hypothesis [physics, science, scientific, hypothesis, scientific method, reasoning, nature, knowledge, laws, sciences, theories, experiments, hypotheses, modern physics, theory, inductive, phenomena, method, principles, findings, classical, classical physics, experimental, models, experiment, underlying, research, observation, researchers, laws physics, disciplines, scientists, basic, student, skills, applied science, logical, simplicity, test hypothesis, results, general, data, conclusion, discoveries, applied, apply, observations, philosophy, study, applicable] Science physics, science, scientific, hypothesis, scientific method, reasoning, nature, knowledge, laws, sciences
1 535 1_fission_reactor_fusion_uranium [fission, reactor, fusion, uranium, nuclear, neutrons, reactors, plutonium, bomb, fuel, nuclear reactor, nuclear power, weapons, chain reaction, nuclei, 235, 32, figure 32, containment, neutron, power, conventional, energy produced, chain, rods, reactions, tritium, power plants, number neutrons, released, 239, energy released, heavy, critical, energy, isotopes, radioactive, figure 21, induce, high temperatures, deuterium, produced, control, energy nuclear, mass nuclei, controlled, core, destroyed, products, material] Fission fission, reactor, fusion, uranium, nuclear, neutrons, reactors, plutonium, bomb, fuel
2 490 2_mendel_dominant_recessive_alleles [mendel, dominant, recessive, alleles, allele, offspring, cross, trait, traits, genotypes, phenotype, inheritance, peas, yellow, genotype, generation, color, probability, crosses, round, seeds, independent assortment, phenotypes, violet, green, assortment, flowers, white, genes, breeding, dominance, parents, figure 12, crossed, individuals, constricted, phenotypic, wild, gene, recombination, plants, parent, garden, tall, genetics, 12, flower, expressed, true, independent] Alleles mendel, dominant, recessive, alleles, allele, offspring, cross, trait, traits, genotypes
3 444 3_ph_base_acid base_conjugate [ph, base, acid base, conjugate, ionization, acid, buffer, bases, acids, hydroxide, ion, weak, acids bases, acidic, hydroxide ion, conjugate base, solution, ion concentration, added, weak acid, acid ionization, hydroxide ions, stronger, 14, acetate, strong, acidic basic, strengths, concentration, buffer solution, acetic acid, acetic, ions, figure 14, strong acid, solutions, constants, basic, acidity, example 14, neutral, buffers, ionized, aqueous, added solution, indicator, acetate ion, hydrogen ions, hcl, weak base] Acid-Base ph, base, acid base, conjugate, ionization, acid, buffer, bases, acids, hydroxide
4 369 4_virus_viruses_viral_host [virus, viruses, viral, host, host cell, enveloped, genome, envelope, drugs, classification, stranded, replication, rna, infect, infections, infection, infected, host cells, figure 21, symptoms, double stranded, replicate, flu, dna rna, 21, nucleic acid, cell, genomes, cause, viral infections, stranded dna, transmission, diseases, transmission electron, dna, attach, helical, genetic material, immune, hosts, nucleic, disease, core, single stranded, progeny, anti, glycoproteins, rna dna, proteins, cancer] Virus virus, viruses, viral, host, host cell, enveloped, genome, envelope, drugs, classification
5 313 5_equilibrium_equilibrium constant_concentrations_equilibria [equilibrium, equilibrium constant, concentrations, equilibria, equilibrium concentrations, reaction, reaction quotient, constant, quotient, constant reaction, reverse, forward, reactants, reactants products, reactant, reactant product, value equilibrium, coupled, concentration, product, equilibrium mixture, happen, mixture, proceed, reverse reaction, reversible reaction, reversible, products, equilibrium constants, following reactions, shift, reactions, constants, 13, example 13, value, dissociation, reaction proceed, complex ion, reach equilibrium, concentrations reactants, equilibrium calculations, hi, calculation, expression, proceeds, heterogeneous, homogeneous, added, châtelier principle] Equilibrium equilibrium, equilibrium constant, concentrations, equilibria, equilibrium concentrations, reaction, reaction quotient, constant, quotient, constant reaction
6 292 6_fungi_fungus_fungal_figure 24 [fungi, fungus, fungal, figure 24, 24, sexual, spores, cdc, infections, cdc scale, reproduction, phylum, decomposers, pathogens, work dr, dutch, sexual reproduction, asexual, human life, crops, dr, animals, club, trees, asexually, reproduce, plants animals, kingdom, mold, usda ars, ars, nutrients, bar data, scale bar, susceptible, data matt, matt russell, belong, organic matter, russell, classified, disease, matt, humans, animals plants, pesticides, reproduce sexually, poisonous, insects, usda] Fungal Infections fungi, fungus, fungal, figure 24, 24, sexual, spores, cdc, infections, cdc scale
7 290 7_refraction_index refraction_index_reflection [refraction, index refraction, index, reflection, angle, ray, incident, medium, optics, figure 25, incident angle, 25, internal reflection, total internal, light, reflected, light ray, critical, change direction, speed light, incidence, rays, angles, indices refraction, diamond, indices, law, refracted, geometric optics, rays figure, 25 12, perpendicular, traveling, geometric, travels, reflector, travels distance, rough, strikes, corner, direction, glass, table 25, example 25, light reflected, internal, speed, air, changes direction, going] Refraction refraction, index refraction, index, reflection, angle, ray, incident, medium, optics, figure 25
8 283 8_observer_astronaut_earth bound_elapsed [observer, astronaut, earth bound, elapsed, observers, elapsed time, time, proper, bound, earth, relative, measured, ship, frame, measures, moving relative, spaceship, length contraction, relative earth, paradox, moving, measured earth, length, clocks, flashes, speed, contraction, 28, lamps, time time, simultaneous, event, sees, light, speed light, measure, clock, relativity, relative velocity, distance, away earth, away, relative observer, time intervals, agree, figure 28, light travels, traveling, measure time, contracted] Observers observer, astronaut, earth bound, elapsed, observers, elapsed time, time, proper, bound, earth
9 279 9_image_magnification_lens_focal length [image, magnification, lens, focal length, focal, objective, object, virtual, length, projected, image formed, inverted, real image, upright, image projected, real, distance, lenses, closer, screen, larger object, object distance, farther, cm, case, farther away, images, lens equations, held, camera, magnifying, figure 25, formed, spectacle, slide, convex, 25, placed, location, microscope, image produced, away, film, converging, photograph, distance center, diverging, distance distance, overall, negative] Magnification image, magnification, lens, focal length, focal, objective, object, virtual, length, projected
10 278 10_slit_slits_diffraction_grating [slit, slits, diffraction, grating, double slit, interference, double, pattern, fringes, 27, interference pattern, screen, maximum, figure 27, angle, minimum, light, spaced, nm, width, wavelength, centimeter, maxima, closely spaced, wavelength light, order, young, spacing, diffraction pattern, single, lines, second order, sin, passing, light passing, falling, beam, experiment, separation, patterns, narrow, visible light, wave, interfere, bright, distance, falls, closely, produces, angles] Diffraction slit, slits, diffraction, grating, double slit, interference, double, pattern, fringes, 27
11 268 11_vector_vectors_subtraction_resultant [vector, vectors, subtraction, resultant, vector addition, magnitude, analytical, components, analytical methods, magnitude direction, addition subtraction, arrows, perpendicular components, axes, direction, perpendicular, addition, coordinate, methods, graphical, scalar, east, arrow, scalars, axis, graphical methods, tail, horizontal vertical, head tail, pointing, add, vector quantity, magnitudes, represent, right triangle, determine magnitude, method, pythagorean theorem, pythagorean, head, quantity, north, horizontal, triangle, perpendicular axes, vertical, scalar quantity, adding, direction magnitude, north east] Vector Subtraction vector, vectors, subtraction, resultant, vector addition, magnitude, analytical, components, analytical methods, magnitude direction
12 258 12_loop_magnetic_magnetic field_magnetic force [loop, magnetic, magnetic field, magnetic force, wire, field, direction magnetic, carrying, current, rhr, 22, current loop, ampere, moving charge, force moving, figure 22, torque, loops, right hand, hand rule, direction, field strength, wires, force, currents, moving, rule, straight, magnetic fields, strength, fields, hand, perpendicular, field current, conductors, thumb, magnet, loop rule, circular, field lines, right, magnets, determine direction, charge, charges, field created, direction magnitude, motors, conductor, poles] Loop loop, magnetic, magnetic field, magnetic force, wire, field, direction magnetic, carrying, current, rhr
13 256 13_dose_radiation_ionizing_doses [dose, radiation, ionizing, doses, ionizing radiation, cancer, exposure, radiation dose, biological effects, rem, therapeutic, effects, therapy, damage, biological, table 32, sv, gy, 32, effects radiation, risk, rad, cancer therapy, cancer cells, deaths, exposed, medical, radiation exposure, radioactive, cell reproduction, tissue, rbe, patient, uses, background, energy absorbed, radiopharmaceuticals, received, energy deposited, reproducing, killed, absorbed, health, immediate, person, workers, normal cells, risks, year, cause] Doses dose, radiation, ionizing, doses, ionizing radiation, cancer, exposure, radiation dose, biological effects, rem
14 250 14_manometer_pressure_atmospheric pressure_mercury [manometer, pressure, atmospheric pressure, mercury, fluid, pascal, atmospheric, sea level, depth, area, pressure weight, sample gas, pressure pressure, weight fluid, exerted, volume, open, psi, atmosphere, sea, pressure exerted, gauge, closed end, enclosed, pressures, measured, pressure difference, millimeters, volume pressure, millimeters mercury, pressure units, weight, container, atm, torr, pressure versus, column, 11, transmitted, gauge pressure, atmospheres, used measure, hg, elephant, gas pressure, blood pressure, graph, force unit, pressure created, pressure volume] Manometer manometer, pressure, atmospheric pressure, mercury, fluid, pascal, atmospheric, sea level, depth, area
15 240 15_solve_equation_plug_known values [solve, equation, plug, known values, unknown, equation solve, choose, appropriate, knowns, equations, substitute known, unknowns, quadratic, substitute, known, values, rearrange equation, rearrange, solve unknown, quantities, values equation, use equation, calculations, quantities known, solve equation, quantity, solution solving, identify, problem, best, known quantities, solve problem, equation equation, solving, sin, enter, substituting, equation used, quantities equation, simplify, need solve, identify known, algebra, solved, use, equation solution, determined, cos, need, yields] Equation Solving solve, equation, plug, known values, unknown, equation solve, choose, appropriate, knowns, equations
16 236 16_iron_tin_zinc_rust [iron, tin, zinc, rust, copper, chromium, ore, metals, electrolysis, metal, iron iii, reduction, ores, aluminum, iii, refining, steel, oxide, ii, iron ii, molten, protection, ii chloride, anode, coating, isolation, oxidized, electrolytic, production, alloys, reducing, alloy, manufacture, metallic, chloride, furnace, active metal, tin iv, sn, cathode, protected, sulfide, come contact, ii oxide, oxides, cobalt, reducing agent, iv, preparation, protective] Rust iron, tin, zinc, rust, copper, chromium, ore, metals, electrolysis, metal
17 235 17_ball_player_football_baseball [ball, player, football, baseball, basketball, balls, thrown, hit, elbow, height, floor, players, wall, hits, bounces, straight, slides, initial, ground, horizontal, initial velocity, throws, throw, impact, momentum, velocity, initial speed, pitcher, bat, backward, horizontally, sweet, handle, vertical, impulse, professional application, speed, caught, person, venus, professional, exerts force, trajectory, sports, goal, leg, bouncing, hard, dropped, angle] Sports ball, player, football, baseball, basketball, balls, thrown, hit, elbow, height
18 229 18_atp_adp_phosphate_hydrolysis [atp, adp, phosphate, hydrolysis, atp molecules, phosphate group, triphosphate, phosphorylation, catabolism, phosphate groups, substrate, hydrogen ions, cellular respiration, glucose, respiration, glucose catabolism, cellular, molecule, oxidative, pathways, high energy, energy, atp adp, substrate level, level phosphorylation, mitochondrial, free energy, energy released, catabolic, pi, exergonic, nadh, amp, phosphates, inhibition, atp production, gradient, generated, releases, regeneration, endergonic, reactions, released, chemical energy, mitochondria, intermediate, kcal, pathway, molecules, broken] Phosphate hydrolysis atp, adp, phosphate, hydrolysis, atp molecules, phosphate group, triphosphate, phosphorylation, catabolism, phosphate groups
19 227 19_selection_population_natural selection_genetic [selection, population, natural selection, genetic, variation, natural, phenotypes, allele, individuals, drift, fitness, variability, alleles, traits, gene pool, populations, phenotype, mutation, genetics, selecting, dependent, phenotypic, frequencies, evolution, individuals population, gene, evolutionary, pool, generation, mutations, environmental, founder, frequency, stabilizing, trait, favors, directional, beneficial, deleterious, individual, genetic makeup, figure 19, survive, fit, makeup, scientists, genetic variation, selective, evolve, 19] Selection selection, population, natural selection, genetic, variation, natural, phenotypes, allele, individuals, drift
20 226 20_population_population growth_growth_age [population, population growth, growth, age, carrying capacity, human population, individuals, exponential, number individuals, capacity, 45, carrying, mortality, interval, figure 45, countries, resources, populations, birth, mortality rate, size, death, rates, 1000, tables, economically, curve, life, density, human, sheep, ecologists, dying, rate, dynamics, density independent, habitat, growing, surviving, mark, older, environment, individuals population, biotic, developed countries, regulation, changes time, model, particular, decreases] Population Growth population, population growth, growth, age, carrying capacity, human population, individuals, exponential, number individuals, capacity
21 225 21_24 figure_17 figure_23 figure_18 figure [24 figure, 17 figure, 23 figure, 18 figure, figure, 11 figure, 33 figure, 16 figure, 34 figure, 22 figure, figure 20, figure 29, figure 11, 10 figure, figure 34, 24, figure 24, figure figure, 12 figure, 19 figure, figure 28, 29, 32 figure, 28 figure, figure 30, 15 figure, 21 figure, figure 18, figure 17, 17, 30 figure, 28, 34, 20 figure, 22, 11, 37 figure, 36 figure, figure 13, 20, figure 22, 23, figure 15, 18, 25 figure, figure 23, 21, 14 figure, 30, 35 figure] Figure 24 figure, 17 figure, 23 figure, 18 figure, figure, 11 figure, 33 figure, 16 figure, 34 figure, 22 figure
22 225 22_photosynthesis_light energy_chemical energy_nadph [photosynthesis, light energy, chemical energy, nadph, sunlight, chlorophyll, dependent, energy sunlight, reactions photosynthesis, photosynthetic, pigment, light, pigments, reactions, cyanobacteria, thylakoid, independent, energy chemical, solar energy, chloroplast, energy sun, energy, obtain energy, organic, vents, energy light, carbon dioxide, atp, inorganic, atmosphere, harvesting, hydrothermal, photosynthetic organisms, convert, chemical, dioxide, build, dioxide water, energy source, organic compounds, organisms, carbohydrate, using light, using energy, hydrothermal vents, cycle, sun, energy make, chemical compounds, carbon] Photosynthesis photosynthesis, light energy, chemical energy, nadph, sunlight, chlorophyll, dependent, energy sunlight, reactions photosynthesis, photosynthetic
23 224 23_orbitals_orbital_atomic orbitals_molecular orbital [orbitals, orbital, atomic orbitals, molecular orbital, degenerate, molecular, atomic, filling, orbitals orbitals, subshell, overlap, lower energy, bonding, electrons, mixing, higher energy, electrons orbitals, diagrams, orbital energy, subshells, lobes, orbitals atom, combine, combining, fills, oriented, electron, diagram, pairing, phase, energy levels, node, aufbau, atomic orbital, diatomic, filled, electron density, different atoms, clarity, region space, end end, stable, mo, combination, dumbbell, occupy, unpaired, energy orbital, orbital electron, aufbau principle] Orbitals orbitals, orbital, atomic orbitals, molecular orbital, degenerate, molecular, atomic, filling, orbitals orbitals, subshell
24 224 24____ [, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Unknown Topic , , , , , , , , ,
25 223 25_harmonic_simple harmonic_pendulum_simple [harmonic, simple harmonic, pendulum, simple, damping, motion, period, oscillations, 16, uniform circular, amplitude, figure 16, circular motion, acceleration gravity, projection, equilibrium position, oscillating, oscillation, uniform, oscillatory, critically, circular, frequency, bob, oscillate, clock, position, periodic, gravity, equilibrium, suspension, oscillates, undergoes, hooke law, driving, hooke, driven, shadow, amplitudes, resonance, bridge, force constant, displacement, length, driving force, want, acceleration, motion learning, swing, car] Simple harmonic motion harmonic, simple harmonic, pendulum, simple, damping, motion, period, oscillations, 16, uniform circular
26 222 26_phylogenetic_tree_phylogenetic tree_evolutionary [phylogenetic, tree, phylogenetic tree, evolutionary, relationships, phylogeny, taxonomic, evolutionary relationships, classification, branch, organisms, trees, evolutionary history, taxa, scientists, clade, figure 20, lineages, taxon, ancestor, history, shared, lineage, branches, life, 20, scientists use, life earth, groups, darwin, groups organisms, similarities, systematics, ancestral, evolution, closely related, share, ancestry, evolved, organizing, common ancestor, diagram, traits, trunk, organize, biologists, data, homologous, closely, diverged] Phylogenetic tree phylogenetic, tree, phylogenetic tree, evolutionary, relationships, phylogeny, taxonomic, evolutionary relationships, classification, branch
27 222 27_says_10 10_10_means [says, 10 10, 10, means, maximum, terms, greater, change, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Maximum Terms says, 10 10, 10, means, maximum, terms, greater, change, ,
28 217 28_biodiversity_endangered_preserve_species [biodiversity, endangered, preserve, species, habitat, exotic, critically, endemic, threatened, islands, trade, extinction, 47, vulnerable, international, efforts, island, conservation, ecosystem, restoration, loss, protected, native, wildlife, bird, abundance, threat, diversity, act, listed, species species, protect, invasive, hunting, humans, individual species, planet, vertebrate species, protection, sustainable, relative abundance, political, destruction, niches, richness, protecting, extinct, amphibians, climate change, introduction] Biodiversity biodiversity, endangered, preserve, species, habitat, exotic, critically, endemic, threatened, islands
29 216 29_td_td rowspan_rowspan_rowspan colspan [td, td rowspan, rowspan, rowspan colspan, colspan, td td, tr, colspan td, tr td, td tr, tr tr, 10 td, table, table tr, tr table, colspan 10, table table, 10, 20 td, colspan 20, mol, 106, water td, 103, 104, colspan 30, 100 td, colspan 100, initial concentration, 00, 20, kg, 100, cl, br, 99, colspan 90, lt, table example, 000, 80, table figure, concentration, table 11, 12, oh, 50, 90, 102, ice table] Table Rows td, td rowspan, rowspan, rowspan colspan, colspan, td td, tr, colspan td, tr td, td tr
30 216 30_stomach_intestine_digestion_digestive [stomach, intestine, digestion, digestive, esophagus, food, gastric, figure 34, colon, absorption, elimination, mouth, 34, waste, feces, lining, ingestion, saliva, acidic, small, movements, digested, passes, anus, increase surface, enzymes, digest, digestive enzymes, nutrients, organ, begins, hydrochloric acid, hydrochloric, absorbed, intestines, pancreas, oral, waste material, enters, organs, surface area, glands, mucus, tract, lumen, following statements, digestive tract, folds, digested food, cells line] Digestion stomach, intestine, digestion, digestive, esophagus, food, gastric, figure 34, colon, absorption
31 216 31_amino_amino acids_amino acid_acids [amino, amino acids, amino acid, acids, protein, polypeptide, proteins, folding, chain, carboxyl, peptide, protein structure, group, tertiary, acid, carboxyl group, structure, helix, glycine, sheet, chains, long chain, function, polypeptides, shape, secondary, amine, temperature ph, shock, interactions, subunits, monomer, bond, carboxylic, carboxylic acid, primary secondary, macromolecule, acid group, primary, links, synthesis, sequence, backbone, monomers, groups, bond formed, changes temperature, dehydration, peptides, bonds] Amino Acids amino, amino acids, amino acid, acids, protein, polypeptide, proteins, folding, chain, carboxyl
32 213 32_emf_induced_coil_induction [emf, induced, coil, induction, flux, faraday, magnetic flux, generator, magnetic, 23, magnetic field, emfs, figure 23, field, rotated, uniform magnetic, opposes, induces, coils, inducing, current, induce, law, peak, transformer, loop, earth field, example 23, change, minus sign, rotating, minus, rotates, perpendicular earth, constant angular, angular velocity, device, generated, sign, magnet, opposing, loops, turn, currents, uniform, turns, oppose, opposition, function time, fourth] EMF emf, induced, coil, induction, flux, faraday, magnetic flux, generator, magnetic, 23
33 212 33_rate law_rate_rate constant_order [rate law, rate, rate constant, order, second order, reaction, reaction rate, rate laws, rate reaction, rates, reactant, concentration, half life, reaction rates, reaction order, order rate, law, integrated, plot, overall, orders, laws, step, decomposition, half, instantaneous rate, hydrogen peroxide, example 12, peroxide, constant, respect, overall reaction, second, instantaneous, differential, reactions, 12, mechanism, reactants, data, kinetics, initial concentration, elementary, reaction described, reaction time, concentrations reactants, versus, life, zero, reaction second] Rate law rate law, rate, rate constant, order, second order, reaction, reaction rate, rate laws, rate reaction, rates
34 212 34_lungs_lung_alveoli_airways [lungs, lung, alveoli, airways, inhalation, exhalation, chest, ventilation, diaphragm, respiratory, air, air lungs, breathing, surface tension, breath, tension, sacs, cavity, collapse, thoracic, intercostal muscles, intercostal, positive pressure, pressure, relax, wall, muscles, asthma, gas exchange, breathe, shunt, expel, volume, anatomical, mismatch, elastic, maximal, surface, pressure inside, negative pressure, residual, diseases, decreases, 39, volume air, contracts, increased, exchange, figure 39, cough] Lungs lungs, lung, alveoli, airways, inhalation, exhalation, chest, ventilation, diaphragm, respiratory
35 212 35_quarks_quark_leptons_mesons [quarks, quark, leptons, mesons, family, family number, particles, strange, strangeness, substructure, directly observed, 33, strong nuclear, table 33, nuclear force, color, fractional, tau, figure 33, integral, assigned, strong, particle, combinations, carrier particles, fundamental, number, observed, families, white, decay, quantum, proposed, theory, muon, flavor, colors, conserved, carry, feel, carrier, strong force, confinement, indirect, verify, spin, number number, general rule, 1963, conservation] Family quarks, quark, leptons, mesons, family, family number, particles, strange, strangeness, substructure
36 205 36_color_colors_white_vision [color, colors, white, vision, cones, white light, wavelengths, blue, red, yellow, black, light, green, violet, illuminated, eye, absorbs, visible, perceive, red light, absorption, light color, eyes, theory, pigments, absorb, red green, wavelengths light, pure, dyes, pink, yellow green, various, object, visible wavelengths, spectrum, perceived, radiator, rainbow, types, appears, true, sees, various combinations, discern, blindness, orange, visible light, appear, human eye] Colors color, colors, white, vision, cones, white light, wavelengths, blue, red, yellow
37 204 37_bohr_orbits_model_orbit [bohr, orbits, model, orbit, hydrogen atom, electron, planetary, atom, hydrogen, nucleus, allowed, orbiting, probability, quantized, ground state, planets, quantum, circular orbit, circular, determine energy, mechanics, radius, clouds, probability finding, electrons, quantum mechanical, energies, energy electron, wavefunction, circular orbits, radii, theory, energy joules, constructive interference, cloud, constructive, finding, quantum mechanics, sun, electron atom, orbital, electrons atoms, 1913, planck constant, planck, classical, constructively, angular momentum, spectrum, schrödinger] Orbit bohr, orbits, model, orbit, hydrogen atom, electron, planetary, atom, hydrogen, nucleus
38 202 38_cell cycle_checkpoint_cycle_tumor [cell cycle, checkpoint, cycle, tumor, cancer, apoptosis, cell, rb, uncontrolled, regulator, regulators, mutated, cell growth, gene, regulatory, cell death, cell division, normal cells, regulation, division, daughter cells, control, progression, death, mutations, growth, genes, cancerous, proteins, cause cancer, gene expression, damaged, post, daughter, cancer cells, halt, transcriptional control, regulate, altered, inhibitor, cells, transcriptional, kinase, mutation, protein, met, programmed cell, normal, progress, activated] Cell Cycle Checkpoint cell cycle, checkpoint, cycle, tumor, cancer, apoptosis, cell, rb, uncontrolled, regulator
39 202 39_transcription_polymerase_promoter_rna polymerase [transcription, polymerase, promoter, rna polymerase, transcription factors, rna, initiation, upstream, factors, termination, gene, bind, transcribed, eukaryotic, sequences, transcription factor, site, dna template, genes, binding, box, elongation, promoter region, template, core, sequence, mrna, sites, ii, prokaryotic, subunits, dna, iii, subunit, eukaryotes, transcriptional, activators, region, coding, recruit, protein, proximal, regions, prokaryotes, factor, transcribe, activate, enhance, initiate, binding sites] Transcription transcription, polymerase, promoter, rna polymerase, transcription factors, rna, initiation, upstream, factors, termination
40 196 40_vision_eye_lens_cornea [vision, eye, lens, cornea, retina, correction, distant, spectacle, lens eye, clearly, nearsightedness, glasses, power, eyes, person, prescription, diopters, laser, corrected, close, correct, lenses, contact, far, near, relaxed, irregularities, image, objects, figure 26, accommodate, focus, converging, clear, 26, distance, normal, layer, procedure, image retina, object, converge, reading, rays, inability, point, diverging, patient, people, distances] Vision vision, eye, lens, cornea, retina, correction, distant, spectacle, lens eye, clearly
41 185 41_coordination_ligands_complexes_ligand [coordination, ligands, complexes, ligand, metal, octahedral, metal ion, lewis acid, transition, orbitals, lewis, donor, central, splitting, figure 19, crystal, square planar, transition metals, complex, coordinate, 19, transition metal, tetrahedral, ion, electrons orbitals, planar, atomic numbers, spin, geometries, magnetic properties, main group, metal complexes, lewis base, isomer, metals, metal ions, pairing, row, square, atom, electrons, acid base, block, number, sphere, cobalt, ions, field, compounds, period periodic] Coordination coordination, ligands, complexes, ligand, metal, octahedral, metal ion, lewis acid, transition, orbitals
42 184 42_weight_mass_kilogram_mass weight [weight, mass, kilogram, mass weight, weight object, mass object, masses, object, mass mass, measure mass, kilograms, ton, pounds, measure, gravity, moon, lb, weigh, kg, mass destroyed, acceleration gravity, calculate mass, pound, mass average, force gravity, object mass, ratio mass, scales, object weight, bricks, equal mass, gravitational force, destroyed, weighing, pan, weighs, exactly, feathers, standards, defined, earth, unit mass, national institute, centimeters, different masses, greater density, mass sample, terms mass, kept, pile] Mass weight, mass, kilogram, mass weight, weight object, mass object, masses, object, mass mass, measure mass
43 183 43_exported_expelling_atm_000 000 [exported, expelling, atm, 000 000, percent, 000, spin, kf, 64, reader, 1n, self, 2n, 54, 55, 45, 10 000, 13, 18, 50, 42, al, torr, 57, 75, 36, whorled, conservative, 23, 1929, 13 12, questions 21, clno, 115, anions, 21 45, 48, 20 40, 22 23, 111, te, cations, 110, 16 13, determine following, 18 22, 25 percent, 100, 30 percent, 12 15] Exported exported, expelling, atm, 000 000, percent, 000, spin, kf, 64, reader
44 183 44_renal_kidney_kidneys_tubule [renal, kidney, kidneys, tubule, tubules, urine, nephron, medulla, tubular, solutes, capillary network, collecting, osmoregulatory, reabsorption, network, loop, reabsorbed, pyramids, cortex, filtration, arteries, 41, blood, interstitial fluid, pelvis, proximal, afferent, capillary, cortical, interstitial, secretion, figure 41, blood pressure, ascending, filters, capsule, duct, limb, actively, arterioles, ducts, capillaries, electrolytes, wastes, exit, salt, segmental, volume blood, cuboidal, filter] Kidneys renal, kidney, kidneys, tubule, tubules, urine, nephron, medulla, tubular, solutes
45 178 45_moon_orbit_earth_satellites [moon, orbit, earth, satellites, earth moon, satellite, sun, planet, orbits, planets, acceleration gravity, gravity, argument, laws, acceleration, jupiter, orbiting, centripetal, tidal, simplicity, centripetal acceleration, gravitational, center earth, radius, period, asteroid, based data, planetary, earth gravity, earth surface, average distance, center mass, earth orbit, orbital, center, calculate acceleration, parent, gravitational pull, law, gravitational force, rotation, bodies, earth figure, earth gravitational, tide, calculate magnitude, debris, gravitation, rotates, ratio] Moon moon, orbit, earth, satellites, earth moon, satellite, sun, planet, orbits, planets
46 178 46_isotopes_atomic mass_atomic_mass number [isotopes, atomic mass, atomic, mass number, neutrons, atomic number, amu, protons, element, average atomic, mass, protons neutrons, number protons, number, neutrons electrons, symbol, atomic masses, isotope, mass atom, number neutrons, masses, average mass, atom, nuclide, boron, mass unit, naturally occurring, mass numbers, unit defined, average, naturally, abundance, notation, neutral, 53, numbers protons, occurring, number atoms, calculate average, numbers, subscript, defined, unified, symbols, electrons, elements, atoms element, symbol element, element atomic, periodic table] Isotope isotopes, atomic mass, atomic, mass number, neutrons, atomic number, amu, protons, element, average atomic
47 177 47_spectra_quantization_quantized_planck [spectra, quantization, quantized, planck, discrete, spectral, spectrum, quantization energy, lines, series, planck constant, energies, emission, line, blackbody, atoms molecules, energy levels, continuous, wavelengths, em, quantized energy, em radiation, splitting, atomic, energy states, nature matter, uv, integer, wavelength, wave nature, emitted, blackbody radiation, observed, hydrogen gas, hydrogen, experimentally, ir, absorption, atoms, spectrum wavelengths, max, emitting, macroscopic, integers, atomic molecular, levels, magnetic field, constant, light emitted, field applied] Spectra spectra, quantization, quantized, planck, discrete, spectral, spectrum, quantization energy, lines, series
48 175 48_enzyme_enzymes_substrate_active site [enzyme, enzymes, substrate, active site, substrates, site, inhibition, active, inhibitor, bind, feedback, reactions, binding, inhibitors, fit, catalyze, activation, binds, catalysts, activity, pathway, catalyzes, optimal, conformational, catalyzed, ph, regulated, affinity, metabolic, pathways, enzymatic, activation energy, threonine, activators, cellular, intermediates, specific, increase decrease, reaction, key, transition state, model, chemical reactions, specific enzymes, biochemical reactions, metabolic pathway, metabolic pathways, residues, function, enzyme catalyzes] Active site enzyme, enzymes, substrate, active site, substrates, site, inhibition, active, inhibitor, bind
49 168 49_mirror_mirrors_tracing_focal [mirror, mirrors, tracing, focal, focal length, image, radius curvature, ray, concave, curvature, figure 25, convex, images, reflected, lenses, rays, 25, flat, image formation, converging, length, spherical, radius, common point, mirror images, parallel axis, lens equations, use ray, point, originate, diverging, locating, parallel rays, virtual, lens, image formed, formed, small compared, approaching, compared, parallel, security, upright, makeup, illustrate, approaches, object, lens mirror, formation, filament] Mirror mirror, mirrors, tracing, focal, focal length, image, radius curvature, ray, concave, curvature
50 166 50_bone_cartilage_spongy_bones [bone, cartilage, spongy, bones, compact, tissue, marrow, matrix, stresses, bone marrow, figure 38, fracture, ends, connective tissue, 38, bony, connective, ligaments, blood vessels, joints, repair, vessels, cylindrical, plate, months, types cells, collagen, development, exterior, aligned, divide, differentiate, long, compression, fibrous, tendons, mineral, secrete, fibers, shaft, joint, plates, skeletal movement, continues, covered, cells responsible, cells divide, lengthwise, tissue composed, calcification] Bone tissue bone, cartilage, spongy, bones, compact, tissue, marrow, matrix, stresses, bone marrow
51 165 51_joints_joint_bones_synovial [joints, joint, bones, synovial, figure 38, 38, movement, bone, limb, movements, knee, gliding, hinge, wrist, ankle, fibrous, forearm, flat, cartilaginous, foot, leg, elbow, planar, replacement, pivot, bones figure, surgery, different types, ball, irregular, classified, classification, hip, upper, rounded, shoulder, extension, types, radius, palm, basis, rotational, midline, rotation, vertebrae, divides, fitting, arm, categories, angular] Joints joints, joint, bones, synovial, figure 38, 38, movement, bone, limb, movements
52 162 52_electrode_aq_cathode_anode [electrode, aq, cathode, anode, redox, potentials, half, standard, standard cell, cell reaction, cell, spontaneous, silver, potential, copper, 2e, electrochemical, 17, half reaction, state conditions, standard state, schematic, reaction, anode cathode, aqueous, nitrate, figure 17, oxidant, copper wire, cu, free energy, reduction, immersed, oxidation, redox reaction, bridge, nonspontaneous, spontaneity, spontaneous reaction, conditions, lead, ii, energy change, reaction spontaneous, couple, inert, zinc, electrolysis, redox reactions, copper ii] Redox electrode, aq, cathode, anode, redox, potentials, half, standard, standard cell, cell reaction
53 161 53_wave_waves_propagation_disturbance [wave, waves, propagation, disturbance, earthquakes, transverse, longitudinal, water waves, types waves, figure 16, rope, wavelength distance, disturbances, 16, wavelength, travel, wave figure, core, earthquake, waves travel, ocean, adjacent, speed, amplitude, fans, energy wave, consecutive, moves right, shear, moves, swimming pool, troughs, point space, perpendicular direction, points, superposition, pool, rock, wave characteristics, propagate, arrive, distance, distance consecutive, waves having, string, distance source, oscillation, swimming, identical, waves figure] Waves wave, waves, propagation, disturbance, earthquakes, transverse, longitudinal, water waves, types waves, figure 16
54 161 54_nobel_prize_nobel prize_awarded [nobel, prize, nobel prize, awarded, chemistry, franklin, ray diffraction, chemist, physics, university, received, contributions, medicine, james, 1962, double helix, helix, shared, pioneering, england, discovery, won, research, ray, win, born, french, physicist, physics chemistry, diffraction, bragg, american, school, van, work, woman, sciences, kinetic theory, walter, 1932, dna, 1953, went, physiology, science, william, worked, cavendish, double, dutch] Nobel Prize in Chemistry nobel, prize, nobel prize, awarded, chemistry, franklin, ray diffraction, chemist, physics, university
55 161 55_membrane_phospholipid_plasma_phospholipids [membrane, phospholipid, plasma, phospholipids, plasma membrane, hydrophobic, bilayer, plasma membranes, proteins, hydrophilic, membranes, carrier proteins, phospholipid bilayer, mosaic, cell membrane, lipid, exterior, carrier, transport, membrane structure, embedded, attached, carbohydrates, lipids, tails, facilitated, fatty, interior, cholesterol, integral, fatty acid, materials, facing, transport proteins, proteins carbohydrates, phosphate, protein, comprise, inner membrane, fluid, heads, molecules membrane, span, cell, pass, nature, mediterranean, polar, lipid bilayer, proteins lipids] Membrane membrane, phospholipid, plasma, phospholipids, plasma membrane, hydrophobic, bilayer, plasma membranes, proteins, hydrophilic
56 159 56_hemoglobin_oxygen_carbon dioxide_dioxide [hemoglobin, oxygen, carbon dioxide, dioxide, red blood, blood cells, blood, red, bicarbonate, carbon, transported, figure 39, anemia, carbonic, binds, carbon monoxide, lungs, iron, monoxide, oxygen molecules, subunits, oxygen carbon, 39, pressure oxygen, carrying capacity, affinity, transport, partial pressure, bicarbonate ion, carbonic acid, hemolymph, binding, beta, protein, partial, carried, dissociates, tissues, bind, blood cell, molecules oxygen, carrying, exchange, shaped, amino acid, capacity, ph, poisoning, ligand, cells] Hemoglobin hemoglobin, oxygen, carbon dioxide, dioxide, red blood, blood cells, blood, red, bicarbonate, carbon
57 156 57_osmosis_osmotic_osmotic pressure_osmolarity [osmosis, osmotic, osmotic pressure, osmolarity, semipermeable, semipermeable membrane, solvent, hypertonic, solute, membrane, hypotonic, reverse, concentration, solution, pure solvent, diffusion, water, fluid, solutes, solvent molecules, osmoregulation, pressure solution, extracellular fluid, pressure, osmotic balance, tonicity, concentrated, electrolytes, pure, high concentration, water potential, membranes, permeable, extracellular, assuming ideal, solution behavior, transport, balance, ideal solution, pure water, low concentration, concentration water, concentration gradient, movement, lower, gradient, salt, solute concentration, figure 11, 12 molecular] Osmosis osmosis, osmotic, osmotic pressure, osmolarity, semipermeable, semipermeable membrane, solvent, hypertonic, solute, membrane
58 155 58_units_si_si units_unit [units, si, si units, unit, metric, conversion, conversion factor, unit conversion, conversions, quantities, physical quantities, fundamental, factor, convert units, conversion factors, convert, si unit, measurement, unit volume, international, units used, measurements, property, physical, mathematical, matter, computations, english, dimensional, analysis, derived, label, expressed, measured, standards, length mass, desired, length, kilogram, quantity, state matter, liters, calculated, factors, meter, method, prefixes, volume, abbreviated, mathematical approach] Unit units, si, si units, unit, metric, conversion, conversion factor, unit conversion, conversions, quantities
59 155 59_rope_tension_cable_flexible [rope, tension, cable, flexible, stretch, weight, wire, horizontal, wires, picture, bridge, supported, vertical, motionless, spider, force, nylon, pull, hinges, suspended, weight supported, supporting, tooth, force magnitude, steel, angle horizontal, pulling, ceiling, suspension, length, hang, exerted, traffic, forces acting, pulls, cord, equal weight, supports, force exerted, shown figure, acting, neglecting, direction force, shown, parallel length, equal, string, mountain, force applied, load] Rope rope, tension, cable, flexible, stretch, weight, wire, horizontal, wires, picture
60 155 60_trna_ribosome_mrna_subunit [trna, ribosome, mrna, subunit, translation, ribosomes, ribosomal, amino acid, amino, site, rrna, pre, initiation, polypeptide, template, binding, peptide, met, rnas, ribosomal rna, protein synthesis, cap, chain, correct, initiation complex, rna, gtp, binds, translated, start, assembly, directly affect, protein, amino acids, synthesis, complex, pairing, elongation, growing, coli, initiating, acid, exit, bond formation, peptide bonds, dissociate, enzymatic, structural, subunits, recognizes] Ribosome trna, ribosome, mrna, subunit, translation, ribosomes, ribosomal, amino acid, amino, site
61 154 61_alzheimer_disorders_symptoms_disease [alzheimer, disorders, symptoms, disease, patients, disorder, depression, mental, medications, neurons, norepinephrine, brain, therapies, nervous, neurological, cure, loss, inhibitors, acetylcholine, problems, causes, people, behavioral, heart rate, pain, treatment, difficulty, aging, neurotransmitter, death, illnesses, figure 35, patient, attention, drugs, vomiting, syndrome, including, cause, include, fatigue, 35, neuronal, suffer, abdominal, sleep, exocytosis, speech, affected, inhibiting] Alzheimer's disease alzheimer, disorders, symptoms, disease, patients, disorder, depression, mental, medications, neurons
62 153 62_lymphocytes_antigens_apcs_immune [lymphocytes, antigens, apcs, immune, cells, antigen, infected, helper, figure 42, immune response, cells cells, 42, destroy, embedded, pathogen, adaptive immune, response, bind, ii, immune cells, cell, cells bind, foreign, presenting, adaptive, self, antibodies, stimulate, receptors, activated, proliferate, mediated, cells function, recognize, cells differentiate, kill, cell surface, receptor, antibody, attack, secrete, processed, complementary, macrophages, maturation, innate, respond, detects, stimulated, cells express] Immunology lymphocytes, antigens, apcs, immune, cells, antigen, infected, helper, figure 42, immune response
63 152 63_cubic_unit_centered_corners [cubic, unit, centered, corners, simple cubic, packed, edge length, face, lattice, edge, sulfide, holes, radii, closest, layer, packing, cell contains, zinc, figure 10, radius, po, occupying, structure, ions, cesium, tetrahedral, cell, metal atoms, chloride ion, atoms, polonium, chloride, ca, simple, faces, 90 td, atoms corners, ionic, repeating, arrangement, ion, 90, length, atom, layers, chloride ions, center, alternating, array, atomic] Simple cubic cubic, unit, centered, corners, simple cubic, packed, edge length, face, lattice, edge
64 152 64_quantum_quantum numbers_spin_quantum number [quantum, quantum numbers, spin, quantum number, angular momentum, intrinsic, numbers, intrinsic spin, exclusion, exclusion principle, pauli, quantized, pauli exclusion, angular, principal quantum, orbital angular, momentum, spin quantum, orbital, principal, electron spin, projection, momentum quantum, principle, number, allowed values, values, set, allowed, magnetic field, axis, electron, electrons, rules, define, 30, magnetic, electron atom, integer, component, quantization, direction angular, momentum direction, direction, labels, magnitude, hydrogen atom, defines, angles, figure 30] Quantum Mechanics quantum, quantum numbers, spin, quantum number, angular momentum, intrinsic, numbers, intrinsic spin, exclusion, exclusion principle
65 151 65_estrogen_ovaries_testosterone_testes [estrogen, ovaries, testosterone, testes, ovarian, pituitary, hormones, hormone, anterior pituitary, stimulates, hypothalamus, follicle, reproductive, levels, anterior, release, production, uterine, gonads, cycles, maturation, breast, male, steroid, inhibits, ova, cycle, releasing, females, adolescence, figure 43, female reproductive, increased, egg, steroid hormones, development, spermatogenesis, 43, secretory, hormonal, uterus, high levels, penis, cells produce, sex, inhibited, sperm, reproductive systems, rise, sexual] Estrogen estrogen, ovaries, testosterone, testes, ovarian, pituitary, hormones, hormone, anterior pituitary, stimulates
66 149 66_mosses_ferns_seedless_vascular plants [mosses, ferns, seedless, vascular plants, fern, bryophytes, vascular, moss, figure 25, plants, club, 25, life cycle, seedless plants, leaves, soil, reproductive cycle, cycle, land, thallus, false, lifecycle, roots, following statements, 25 10, statements, phylum, moisture, erosion, conspicuous, plants produce, damp, non, sporophyte, substrate, considered, gametophyte, tundra, pollution, life, work mariana, villareal, ruiz villareal, mariana ruiz, forests, mariana, ruiz, environments, class, 25 11] Ferns mosses, ferns, seedless, vascular plants, fern, bryophytes, vascular, moss, figure 25, plants
67 149 67_flatworms_phylum_annelids_worms [flatworms, phylum, annelids, worms, free living, arthropods, ecdysozoa, clade, trochophore, morphology, 28, phyla, figure 28, larvae, marine, includes, parasitic, mollusca, number cells, closely related, freshwater, anatomy, monophyletic, living, digestive, class, terrestrial habitats, mollusks, free, earthworm, proboscis, excretory, closely, muscular, species, dioecious, living species, segment, habitats, morphological, features, animals, fixed number, larval, appendages, alimentary, subclass, orders, terrestrial, invertebrates] Annelids flatworms, phylum, annelids, worms, free living, arthropods, ecdysozoa, clade, trochophore, morphology
68 146 68_heart_arteries_blood_veins [heart, arteries, blood, veins, valve, blood flow, valves, artery, aorta, vessel, circulation, left, flow, blood pumped, vessels, cardiac, pumps, lungs, pumped, capillary, blood pressure, blood vessel, systemic, beds, blood vessels, blood lungs, rest body, muscle, body, right, arterioles, ventricles, pressure blood, capillaries, figure 40, circulatory, smooth muscle, walls, pressure, drains, cardiac output, pumping, organs, 40, major, membranous, inferior, smooth, heart muscle, forcing] Heart heart, arteries, blood, veins, valve, blood flow, valves, artery, aorta, vessel
69 146 69_entropy_change entropy_disorder_decrease [entropy, change entropy, disorder, decrease, reversible, microstates, number microstates, process involves, entropy change, increase, surroundings, irreversible, boltzmann, process, state, universe, increases, processes, change, bricks, entropy changes, involves, macrostate, real, substance, state state, boltzmann constant, increase decrease, exothermic process, change process, state function, structured, ordered, measure, hypothetical, tendency, free energy, matter energy, natural logarithm, battle, molecular scale, spontaneous, condition, standard, change free, processes involve, zero, uphill, organisms evolved, yields following] Entropy entropy, change entropy, disorder, decrease, reversible, microstates, number microstates, process involves, entropy change, increase
70 144 70_sequencing_genome_genomics_human genome [sequencing, genome, genomics, human genome, sequences, mapping, genomes, sequence, dna, genomic, researchers, scientists, analyze, human, biotechnology, dna sequencing, entire, project, information, techniques, dna analysis, sequenced, laboratories, analysis, researchers use, research, blast, study entire, 17, dna sequence, study, automated, science, fragment, different organisms, gene, fragments, sophisticated, genetic, method, geneticists, available, technique, scientists use, scientist, doctors, samples, university, applying, page] Sequence sequencing, genome, genomics, human genome, sequences, mapping, genomes, sequence, dna, genomic
71 143 71_sensory_endings_touch_receptors [sensory, endings, touch, receptors, stimulus, receptor, skin, adapting, disks, pain, stimuli, encapsulated, sensory receptors, receptive, senses, hairy, vibration, perception, receptors detect, detect, respond, hair, sensation, lips, nerve, figure 36, tactile, 36, deeper, dermis, mucous, sensitive, potentials, rapidly, nervous, stimulation, warmth, somatosensory, internal external, electrical signal, action potentials, stimulated, epidermis, specialized, low frequency, neuron, membranes, encoded, high frequency, joints] Sensory endings sensory, endings, touch, receptors, stimulus, receptor, skin, adapting, disks, pain
72 143 72_cohesive_adhesive_surface tension_adhesive forces [cohesive, adhesive, surface tension, adhesive forces, tension, cohesive forces, surface, glass, cohesion, forces, adhesion, capillary, liquids, liquid, forces molecules, contact angle, capillary action, liquid surface, paint, surface area, cork, wine, surface liquid, contact, attractive forces, tube, water molecules, mercury, molecules surface, relative strength, bottle, water, glass water, attractive, beads, molecules, crown, molecules cause, action, meniscus, water glass, area, molecules different, molecules liquid, smallest possible, crown glass, contract, angle, relative strengths, drop] Cohesion cohesive, adhesive, surface tension, adhesive forces, tension, cohesive forces, surface, glass, cohesion, forces
73 141 73_significant figures_figures_significant_digit [significant figures, figures, significant, digit, digits, decimal, number significant, rounding, round, accurate, decimal places, retained, dropped, rounds, significant digits, numbers, multiplication, calculation, answer, measurement, assume, places, addition subtraction, calculations, number, correct number, value, subtraction, measured, express, result, errors, values, notation, nonzero, rounded, 1300, place, perform following, data figure, intermediate, correct, precision, precise, uncertain, exact, subtracting, estimate, report, accuracy precision] Significant figures significant figures, figures, significant, digit, digits, decimal, number significant, rounding, round, accurate
74 139 74_ionic_ionic compounds_compounds_ions [ionic, ionic compounds, compounds, ions, polyatomic, ionic compound, compound, polyatomic ions, monatomic, ionic molecular, form ions, anion, cation, covalent, compounds contain, metal, negative charges, charges, ionic bonds, negative ions, predict, periodic, molecular compounds, periodic table, cations, formula, nonmetal, binary, ionic covalent, positive ions, alkali, compounds containing, following compounds, covalent ionic, formulas, nonmetals, anions, names, ion, electrically, covalent compounds, nomenclature, group, formula compound, total number, alkaline earth, alkali metals, charge, positive negative, elements] Ionic Compounds ionic, ionic compounds, compounds, ions, polyatomic, ionic compound, compound, polyatomic ions, monatomic, ionic molecular
75 138 75_root_roots_apical_shoot [root, roots, apical, shoot, stems, tip, growth, shoots, stem, tap, lateral, root systems, tissue, zone, vascular, plant, monocots, grow, fibrous, vascular tissue, cell division, water minerals, secondary, monocot, elongation, primary, gravitropism, minerals, division, woody, figure 30, soil, permanent, dividing, leaves, cork, maturation, actively, underground, thickness, increase, tips, parts, reproductive parts, dicots, 30, undifferentiated, minerals soil, plants, zones] Roots, stems, shoots root, roots, apical, shoot, stems, tip, growth, shoots, stem, tap
76 137 76_displacement_distance traveled_traveled_finish [displacement, distance traveled, traveled, finish, distance, magnitude, east, displacements, total distance, vector, walk, north east, start, trip, position, total, north, path, graphically, direction displacement, city, magnitude direction, walking, initial position, represent, legs, vectors, dock, representing, round trip, distance distance, direction north, marks, arrow, head tail, final position, 57, direction, leg, kinematics, direction magnitude, having magnitude, positions, vector addition, graphical, east north, position object, greater magnitude, displacement velocity, resultant] Distance traveled displacement, distance traveled, traveled, finish, distance, magnitude, east, displacements, total distance, vector
77 137 77_molarity_molar solubility_solute_solution [molarity, molar solubility, solute, solution, molar, molality, solubility, percentage, moles, solute solution, concentration, solubility product, solution mass, mole fraction, solvent, mole, number moles, calculate molar, mass, solution solution, liter, solution volume, concentrations, units, solution concentration, mass percentage, mass solution, following solutions, parts billion, dissolution, glucose, volume, mol, fraction, check learning, glycol, parts million, calculate, solution density, definition, water solution, soft drink, sucrose, ethylene glycol, unit, check, product, solution water, formula mass, units used] Molarity molarity, molar solubility, solute, solution, molar, molality, solubility, percentage, moles, solute solution
78 137 78_equilibrium_condition_statics_torque [equilibrium, condition, statics, torque, pencil, displaced, strategies, stable, problem solving, displacements, unstable, force torque, solving strategies, pivot, static, direction displacement, pivot point, solving, achieve, satisfied, dynamic, net, stability, stable unstable, equilibrium state, dynamic equilibrium, second, torques, problem, state equilibrium, net external, experiences, net force, applications, center gravity, neutral, original position, solving strategy, counterclockwise, displacement, equilibrium figure, special case, necessary, able state, disturbance, zero, newton laws, constant velocity, situations, motionless] Equilibrium equilibrium, condition, statics, torque, pencil, displaced, strategies, stable, problem solving, displacements
79 137 79_sulfur_sulfide_hydrogen sulfide_sulfur dioxide [sulfur, sulfide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, sulfuric, sulfates, trioxide, acid, volcanic, oxidizes, dioxide, hydrogen, oxidation, atmosphere, oxidizing, deposits, weathering, oxidize, disulfide, preparation, concentrated, geothermal, 18 10, natural gas, forms, group 16, oxygen, oxidation state, dissolves water, vents, agent, sulfate, figure 46, agents, nitric acid, burning, preparation properties, salts, melts, nitric, carbon disulfide, figure 18, oxidizing agent, occurrence preparation, volcanic activity, acid forms, hydrogen compounds, burning fossil, acid shown] Volcanic sulfur, sulfide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, sulfuric, sulfates, trioxide, acid, volcanic
80 135 80_answer_increase__ [answer, increase, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Answer answer, increase, , , , , , , ,
81 135 81_intermolecular_dispersion forces_liquids_dispersion [intermolecular, dispersion forces, liquids, dispersion, intermolecular forces, solids, forces, attractive forces, liquid, solid, attractive, london, atoms molecules, attractions, imfs, solids liquids, molecules, gases, liquid solid, solid liquid, forces hold, intermolecular attractive, phase, liquid gas, intermolecular attractions, liquids solids, molecular, liquids gases, physical properties, liquid phase, condensed, low melting, gas liquid, substance, experience, weakest, properties, molecules liquid, contact, atoms, pentane, weak, phases, vapor pressures, weaker, close, molecular theory, kinetic molecular, stronger, gas] Intermolecular forces intermolecular, dispersion forces, liquids, dispersion, intermolecular forces, solids, forces, attractive forces, liquid, solid
82 132 82_receptors_signaling_ligand_signal [receptors, signaling, ligand, signal, cell surface, receptor, intracellular, extracellular, surface receptors, domain, downstream, extracellular matrix, matrix, cellular, binds, linked, events, binding, bind, signal transduction, dimerization, ligands, signaling molecules, membrane, protein, cell, target, transduction, response, transmit, enzyme, interact, binds receptor, proteins, signaling pathway, signaling pathways, surface, activate, target cell, target cells, multicellular organisms, communication, signal cell, cascade, signaling cells, signals, domains, signaling cascade, transmembrane, plasma membrane] Receptors receptors, signaling, ligand, signal, cell surface, receptor, intracellular, extracellular, surface receptors, domain
83 132 83_polarization_polarized_filter_filters [polarization, polarized, filter, filters, reflected, light reflected, light, axis, angle, figure 27, intensity, 27, em wave, passing, direction, refracted, original, intensity light, parallel, completely, scattering, axes, light passing, em, passed, perpendicular, original value, scattered, horizontally, rotate, vertically, reflection, crystals, parallel axis, wave, said, reflective, preferentially, crystal, interface, blocked, sky, incident, axis perpendicular, aligned, reflects light, attribute, original direction, rotated, component] Polarization polarization, polarized, filter, filters, reflected, light reflected, light, axis, angle, figure 27
84 131 84_explain explain_explain_doing_leaves [explain explain, explain, doing, leaves, gives, 15, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Explain explain explain, explain, doing, leaves, gives, 15, , , ,
85 130 85_shock_hazards_safety_hazard [shock, hazards, safety, hazard, electrical, currents, wire, fuses, circuit, insulation, duration, ground, wires, appliance, thermal, volts, devices, earth, hazardous, good conductor, human body, high voltage, excessive, 20 electric, person, live, current, case, conductor, interrupt, electric, safe, neutral, worn, hot neutral, user, hot, effects, ma, voltage, figure 23, prevent, 23, systems, good, path, burns, isn, electric current, current passes] Hazard shock, hazards, safety, hazard, electrical, currents, wire, fuses, circuit, insulation
86 130 86_balanced_write balanced_balanced equation_equation reaction [balanced, write balanced, balanced equation, equation reaction, write, equations, net ionic, equation, balanced chemical, balance, following reactions, chemical equations, reactions, yes td, half reactions, unbalanced, coefficients, yes, reaction, sides equation, ionic, chemical equation, ionic equation, equal numbers, simplify, numbers atoms, balancing, following equations, basic solution, following, products, chemical, sides, add, half reaction, complete, added solution, reactant, td td, net, acidic, half, complete ionic, coefficient, write equations, write equation, element, reactants, strontium, solution] Balanced Chemical Equation balanced, write balanced, balanced equation, equation reaction, write, equations, net ionic, equation, balanced chemical, balance
87 129 87_forms energy_energy work_energy_energy energy [forms energy, energy work, energy, energy energy, forms, transformation, energy transfer, work, work energy, energy forms, form energy, does energy, different forms, doing work, doing, converted, energy lost, useful, energy important, waste heat, machine, available work, energy available, transfers, insights, changed, energy use, transfer energy, energy expended, energy useful, types energy, final result, type energy, terms energy, types, energy created, energy type, deal, energy converted, energy involved, expended, different energy, transfer, used work, transfers energy, created destroyed, available, lost, energy resources, transferred] Forms of Energy forms energy, energy work, energy, energy energy, forms, transformation, energy transfer, work, work energy, energy forms
88 129 88_coffee_calories_bomb_cup [coffee, calories, bomb, cup, heat, heat capacity, energy content, burned, chemical physical, capacity, specific heat, heat produced, spoon, used measure, absorbed, degree celsius, kcal, content, foods, energy needed, determine heat, nutritional, measure, gram, food, measured, temperature, degree, physical change, dietary, heat water, accurate, combustion, calibration, chemical reaction, raise, cups, celsius, physical, chemical, temperature increases, assume, enthalpy, temperature water, determine energy, energy, insulated, external environment, heat required, constant volume] Energy Content coffee, calories, bomb, cup, heat, heat capacity, energy content, burned, chemical physical, capacity
89 129 89_drug_drugs_medicines_pharmaceutical [drug, drugs, medicines, pharmaceutical, pain, medicine, chemist, chemists, synthetic, cancer, design, treat, treatment, anti, developed, soybeans, effective, weight loss, synthesize, medications, medication, new drugs, market, plant, used, trials, versions, aspirin, clinical, new, bark, treating, used treat, laboratory, extract, compounds, synthesized, centuries, approved, arthritis, hair loss, remedy, natural sources, negative effects, extracts, 1960s, plants used, testing, cultures, ancient times] Drugs drug, drugs, medicines, pharmaceutical, pain, medicine, chemist, chemists, synthetic, cancer
90 129 90_nitrogen_fixation_atmospheric nitrogen_nodules [nitrogen, fixation, atmospheric nitrogen, nodules, ammonia, cyanobacteria, bacteria, symbiotic, soil, fix, atmospheric, gaseous nitrogen, legume, biological, prokaryotes, fixed, nitrogen gas, nucleic acids, nucleic, biologically, organic, bacterium, organism, living, intake, proteins nucleic, roots, exclusively, agriculture, fertilizers, atmosphere, specialized structures, important, important source, nitrogen containing, nitrogen soil, ammonium, acids proteins, grows, free living, usable, nitrate, terrestrial ecosystems, microbial, organisms, howard, living organisms, disease, available, organic compounds] Nitrogen fixation nitrogen, fixation, atmospheric nitrogen, nodules, ammonia, cyanobacteria, bacteria, symbiotic, soil, fix
91 129 91_laser_lasers_cd_laser beam [laser, lasers, cd, laser beam, laser light, surgery, stimulated, ruby, lawrence, output, emits, emission, wavelength, powerful, disk, read, beam, burn, infrared, figure 30, pulse, player, intense, bits, produce high, spacing, high quality, ns, focused, information, amplification, light, photons, semiconductor, power, radiation, power output, brief, used, digital, produce, today, fusion, integrated concepts, beams, ray, ultraviolet, national, electromagnetic radiation, enhance] Laser laser, lasers, cd, laser beam, laser light, surgery, stimulated, ruby, lawrence, output
92 126 92_ice_melt_melts_soda [ice, melt, melts, soda, freeze, freezing, condensation, freezes, melting, liquid water, drying, frozen, heat transferred, foods, cube, snow, energy removed, biological cells, water, cream, absorbing, drink, temperature, dried, soft drink, heat, liquid, condense, transferred, stays, glass, check understanding, evaporate, surroundings, biological, thermal equilibrium, bag, temperatures, rupture, need solve, winter, equilibrium temperature, soft, constant rate, condenses, insulated, removed, ice table, vacuum, temperature heat] Melting ice, melt, melts, soda, freeze, freezing, condensation, freezes, melting, liquid water
93 126 93_males_females_mating_mate [males, females, mating, mate, sex, male, mates, female, selection, sexual, bigger, males females, orange, blue, select, elaborate, yellow, offspring, compete, choose, selected, reproductive, success, traits, partners, eggs, hypothesis, determination, male female, alpha, turtles, individuals, display, attract, variability, parental care, figure 45, resource, displays, beats, species, fit, temperature dependent, pouch, temperature range, winner, populations, 19 10, larger, showed] Mating males, females, mating, mate, sex, male, mates, female, selection, sexual
94 125 94_orbitals_hybrid_overlap_orbital [orbitals, hybrid, overlap, orbital, atomic orbitals, bond, bonds, unhybridized, form bonds, unhybridized orbitals, hybrid orbital, overlap orbitals, carbon atom, valence, sp, atomic, electron density, bonding, hybridization, hybridized, axis, molecular orbital, combining, set, end end, arrangement, orbitals orbitals, bond theory, valence bond, trigonal, multiple bonds, atom form, atom, bonds bonds, formed, bond bond, oriented, form, node, consist, oxygen atom, carbon, bonds formed, trigonal planar, creates, theory, carbon atoms, orbitals atom, molecular, half filled] Orbitals orbitals, hybrid, overlap, orbital, atomic orbitals, bond, bonds, unhybridized, form bonds, unhybridized orbitals
95 123 95_dalton_atomic_substructure_ideas [dalton, atomic, substructure, ideas, theory, matter, discovery, atoms, atom, greek, smallest, atomic structure, smallest unit, existence, atom electrons, atom smallest, properties, chemical change, protons neutrons, postulates, violate, 30, ethers, elements, direct evidence, neutrons electrons, ancient, alcohols, century, postulate, john, composed, substructure matter, various combinations, properties matter, experiments, basic structure, following chemical, titanium, atoms elements, neutrons, nucleus, protons, evidence, basic, nucleus atom, explained, air water, building blocks, english] Atomic Structure dalton, atomic, substructure, ideas, theory, matter, discovery, atoms, atom, greek
96 123 96_average kinetic_speeds_molecules_kinetic [average kinetic, speeds, molecules, kinetic, average, distribution, kinetic energy, atoms molecules, mean, gas molecules, translational kinetic, molecules gas, ke, speed, gas, temperature, square, molecular, molecule, absolute temperature, temperature average, energy atoms, random, translational, root, kinetic energies, average speed, rms, absolute, diffuse, gaseous, different temperatures, boltzmann, molecule average, thermal energy, high concentration, 12 15, energies, temperature substance, energy molecules, higher, maxwell, gases, molecular mass, dispersal, thermal, proportional, heavier, atoms, dye] Kinetic Energy average kinetic, speeds, molecules, kinetic, average, distribution, kinetic energy, atoms molecules, mean, gas molecules
97 123 97_engine_carnot_heat engine_efficiency [engine, carnot, heat engine, efficiency, engines, carnot engine, heat engines, heat, cyclical, reservoir, heat transfer, transfer, steam, figure 15, operating, reversible, transfer work, theoretical, cold, processes, perfect, cycle, efficient, employing, work output, temperatures, hot, maximum, law thermodynamics, 15, dissipative, thermodynamics, work heat, transfer environment, second law, absolute, gasoline, clausius, work, backward, turbines, real, operates, stroke, exhaust, output, possible, car, transfer heat, hot cold] Efficiency engine, carnot, heat engine, efficiency, engines, carnot engine, heat engines, heat, cyclical, reservoir
98 122 98_muscles_forearm_leg_joints [muscles, forearm, leg, joints, muscle, posture, upper, limbs, hips, exert, forces torques, tendon, upper body, load, arm, forces, cg, lever, weight, torques, weight supported, book, lower leg, elbow, exerted, forces exerted, bad, skeletal muscles, tendons, strain, muscles bones, knee, pivot, torque, supported, walking, joint, body weight, advantages, vertebrae, center gravity, bones, perpendicular lever, mechanical, exercise, person, force exerted, exerts, exerting, attached] Muscles muscles, forearm, leg, joints, muscle, posture, upper, limbs, hips, exert
99 121 99_nozzle_hose_flow rate_flow [nozzle, hose, flow rate, flow, tube, fluid, rate, radius, diameter, incompressible, 12, cm diameter, sectional area, bernoulli, example 12, emerges, 00 cm, cross sectional, sectional, speed, faucet, figure 12, garden, pipe, viscous, pressure, pressure drops, narrows, cm, viscous fluid, 12 calculating, flows, atmospheric, stream, fluid flow, atmospheric pressure, velocity, relation, negligible, laminar flow, yields substituting, height, viscosity, values discussion, inside, terms energy, volume fluid, negligible resistance, flow water, 00] Flow rate nozzle, hose, flow rate, flow, tube, fluid, rate, radius, diameter, incompressible
100 120 100_db_sound intensity_sound_intensity [db, sound intensity, sound, intensity, level, hearing, threshold, intense, hz, intensities, sounds, squared, watts, table 17, colspan 10, 17 sound, audible, 17, speaker, levels, hear, 90, meter, 10 td, frequencies, figure 17, noise, barely, 70, 60, quiet, 10, frequency, normal, damage, loudness, 4000, perceive, ears, ear, range, 120, tr, corresponds, graph figure, volume measured, tr td, conversation, 67, lowest] Intensity db, sound intensity, sound, intensity, level, hearing, threshold, intense, hz, intensities
101 118 101_illustrated figure_illustrated_figure figure_figure [illustrated figure, illustrated, figure figure, figure, figure 20, figure 21, 27, figure 27, situation shown, shown figure, 21, 20 figure, 21 figure, figure 33, figure 16, shown, 13 figure, consider, figure 25, results example, examples figure, illustration, situation, representation, 19, entering values, module, figure 19, 20, set point, 31 figure, 32 figure, 23 10, 25 figure, figure 15, 26, 15 figure, 23 figure, figure 12, 19 figure, figure 18, 25, thomson, 10 figure, 33, figure 11, 16, illustrates, figure 23, 32] Sure, the label for this topic is "Illustrated Figure". illustrated figure, illustrated, figure figure, figure, figure 20, figure 21, 27, figure 27, situation shown, shown figure
102 117 102_uncertainty_measurement_precision_accuracy [uncertainty, measurement, precision, accuracy, measurements, accuracy precision, precise, uncertainties, measuring, accurate, paper, precision measuring, measured, percent, tool, repeated, length, width, value, results measurements, significant figures, figures, quantities, measure, uncertain, ruler, counting, significant, quantity, refers, inches, calculated, values, accepted value, cough, close, certainty, contributing, syrup, calculate percent, millimeter, volumes, stick, results, agreement, observation, differing, alters, agree, nearest] Uncertainty uncertainty, measurement, precision, accuracy, measurements, accuracy precision, precise, uncertainties, measuring, accurate
103 116 103_water molecule_water molecules_polar_hydrogen bonds [water molecule, water molecules, polar, hydrogen bonds, hydrogen bonding, hydrogen, water, molecules, polar molecules, bonding, molecule, dipole, polar molecule, bonds, polarity, dipole dipole, attracted, dipole attraction, negative charge, partial, hydrophobic, hydrogen oxygen, oxygen, atoms oxygen, molecules figure, molecules hydrogen, covalent bonds, slightly, liquid water, separation charge, oxygen atom, charge, water high, molecule hydrogen, hydrogen bond, high heat, molecule water, covalent, hydrogen atoms, properties water, inherent, form water, molecules water, charges, positive charge, molecules form, liquids, bonded, character, negative] Water Molecule water molecule, water molecules, polar, hydrogen bonds, hydrogen bonding, hydrogen, water, molecules, polar molecules, bonding
104 115 104_friction_static_friction force_frictional [friction, static, friction force, frictional, surfaces, coefficient, normal force, frictional force, opposes, kinetic, contact, opposes motion, force, atomic scale, magnitude, motion, simpler, normal, coefficient friction, friction negligible, objects, force friction, applied force, moving relative, motion friction, maximum value, object, frictionless surface, force area, attempted, coefficients, negligible, assume, total force, materials, touching, scale, relative motion, object moving, behaves, sliding, stationary, equal opposite, characteristics, slow, frictionless, past, opposite, losses, moving] Friction friction, static, friction force, frictional, surfaces, coefficient, normal force, frictional force, opposes, kinetic
105 115 105_insulin_glucose levels_glucose_pancreas [insulin, glucose levels, glucose, pancreas, levels, diabetes, blood, high blood, urine, release, cells release, meal, regulate blood, figure 37, beta, hormone, patients, stimulates, rise, negative feedback, sugar, 37, cells, endocrine cells, failure, increase blood, liver, glycogen, pancreatic, clusters, feedback, endocrine, response, triggers, regulate, levels blood, levels increase, mediated, concentration blood, alpha, lifestyle, homeostatic, healthy, muscle cells, body cells, later use, low blood, produced, sudden, eaten] Insulin and Glucose insulin, glucose levels, glucose, pancreas, levels, diabetes, blood, high blood, urine, release
106 115 106_momentum_momentum conserved_conserved_conservation momentum [momentum, momentum conserved, conserved, conservation momentum, linear momentum, total momentum, conservation, force zero, linear, external force, net external, zero, external, mass velocity, mass multiplied, momentum defined, zero total, collisions, change momentum, net, subatomic, collision, velocity momentum, total, relativistic momentum, subatomic particles, principle, projectile, classical physics, elephant, momentum given, multiplied, vertical direction, energy conserved, resistance negligible, objects, particles, dimension, axis, mass momentum, classical, momentum change, hunter, vertical, law conservation, momentum does, football, isolated, time later, physics] Conservation of Linear Momentum momentum, momentum conserved, conserved, conservation momentum, linear momentum, total momentum, conservation, force zero, linear, external force
107 114 107_rocket_rockets_thrust_exhaust [rocket, rockets, thrust, exhaust, sled, fuel, shuttle, greater acceleration, acceleration, space shuttle, engines, propulsion, ejected, velocity, space, professional application, takeoff, throws, professional, burns, backward, forward, accelerates, gases, subjects, airplanes, reaction force, launch, greater, mass, application, relative, calculate increase, kg, gravity, flights, propelled, earth velocity, deceleration, relative earth, velocity mass, accelerates rate, space probe, jet, propel, faster, moon, high speeds, magnitude acceleration, misconception] Thrust rocket, rockets, thrust, exhaust, sled, fuel, shuttle, greater acceleration, acceleration, space shuttle
108 114 108_graph_slope_vs_versus time [graph, slope, vs, versus time, versus, position, graphs, time, jet, velocity, acceleration, tangent, curve, graphed, position velocity, figure 46, curve figure, velocity acceleration, instantaneous, powered, time velocity, line, time given, feynman, 46, horizontal axis, straight line, car, graphed figure, average velocity, graph figure, verify, straight, taking, axis, change time, function time, plotted, obtained, constant, time figure, sketch, 49, slope line, figure 48, slopes, run, charts, linear, general relationship] Slope graph, slope, vs, versus time, versus, position, graphs, time, jet, velocity
109 114 109_figure 22_figure 28_figure 29_figure [figure 22, figure 28, figure 29, figure, 22, 28, 31 figure, 29, figure 23, figure 18, 30 figure, 39, 57, 56, figure 21, 13 figure, figure 30, 18, 23, 61, 27 figure, 21, 59, 31, 30, 32 figure, paramecium, 20 figure, 28 figure, 49, 53, 55, 60, 19, 19 figure, 11 figure, figure 19, 47, 67, 66, 41, 46, 62, 50, figure 14, 58, 19 28, 32, 51, 38] Figure figure 22, figure 28, figure 29, figure, 22, 28, 31 figure, 29, figure 23, figure 18
110 113 110_acceleration_average acceleration_change velocity_deceleration [acceleration, average acceleration, change velocity, deceleration, acceleration acceleration, constant acceleration, velocity, velocity acceleration, negative, direction opposite, opposite, direction velocity, direction change, decelerating, direction, opposite direction, acceleration gravity, velocity changes, average, initial velocity, magnitude acceleration, accelerating, constant, acceleration velocity, initial, acceleration given, direction acceleration, acceleration time, velocity change, velocity constant, velocity time, change time, given initial, final position, downward, direction motion, slowing, opposite signs, gravity, final, determine change, speed direction, change, motion, speeding, time, interval, situations, final velocity, acceleration zero] Acceleration acceleration, average acceleration, change velocity, deceleration, acceleration acceleration, constant acceleration, velocity, velocity acceleration, negative, direction opposite
111 113 111_ear_middle ear_middle_hearing [ear, middle ear, middle, hearing, vibrations, inner, sound, ossicles, oval, sound wave, ears, window, canal, bones, auditory, sounds, nerve, loss, speech, vibrate, implant, impulses, nerves, transmits, sound waves, figure 36, different regions, wave, implants, converts, hair cells, mechanical, bone, electrical signal, stereocilia, membrane, sending, resulting, waves, fluid filled, outer, damage, 36, hair, signals, send, figure 17, frogs, fluid, following types] Ear ear, middle ear, middle, hearing, vibrations, inner, sound, ossicles, oval, sound wave
112 113 112_xylem_phloem_xylem phloem_vascular [xylem, phloem, xylem phloem, vascular, vascular tissue, tissue, transports, mesophyll, bundle, sap, lignin, sucrose, photosynthates, tracheids, sink, companion, water minerals, walls, epidermis, cell walls, minerals, pith, tube, vessels, dermal tissue, cells, water potential, dermal, sugars, transport water, cohesion, adhesion, conductive, leaf, plant, ground tissue, parenchyma, conducting, figure 30, cells called, root, transport, maturity, water nutrients, roots, wood, water, elements, leaves, actively] Vascular tissue xylem, phloem, xylem phloem, vascular, vascular tissue, tissue, transports, mesophyll, bundle, sap
113 112 113_boiling_boiling point_freezing point_freezing [boiling, boiling point, freezing point, freezing, point, boiling points, solution behavior, ideal solution, point elevation, elevation, assuming ideal, benzene, points, nonvolatile, vapor pressure, pure solvent, depression, dipole, solution, solvent, nonelectrolyte, ideal, vapor, behavior, solute, assuming, use information, example 11, dipole dipole, point water, temperature vapor, check learning, ethanol, example 10, pure, pressure equal, attractions, 10 24, atmospheric pressure, hcl, 11, check, dipole attractions, concentration solute, highest, pressure, figure 10, pressure solution, lowest, normal] Boiling Point boiling, boiling point, freezing point, freezing, point, boiling points, solution behavior, ideal solution, point elevation, elevation
114 112 114_eggs_fertilization_egg_yolk [eggs, fertilization, egg, yolk, sperm, embryo, fertilized, female, females, reproduction, males, reproductive, offspring, egg sperm, external, fertilization occurs, sac, assists, birth, hormone, fertilized egg, sexual, uterus, males females, asexual, release, asexual reproduction, internal, fertilize, sexual reproduction, semen, developing embryo, develops, developing, labia, development, genetically, receiving, follicle, growing, folds, survival, outside, develop, retained, provides, male, insects, animals, produce genetically] Fertilization eggs, fertilization, egg, yolk, sperm, embryo, fertilized, female, females, reproduction
115 112 115_newton_law motion_newton second_newton law [newton, law motion, newton second, newton law, newton laws, laws motion, second law, motion, law, external force, net external, laws, external, second, net, problem solving, solve problems, solving strategy, change momentum, dynamics, solving, force, experiences force, apply newton, magnitude opposite, forces, force newton, proportional mass, force equal, steps problem, symmetry, inertia, equal magnitude, explicitly follow, follow steps, force mass, explicitly, problems, acceleration, momentum, stated, exerts, stated terms, states, problem, concept, force equals, equals change, proportional, apply] Newton's Laws newton, law motion, newton second, newton law, newton laws, laws motion, second law, motion, law, external force
116 111 116_extinction_extinctions_mass extinction_extinct [extinction, extinctions, mass extinction, extinct, asteroid, years ago, ago, estimates, million, percent, geological, million years, 000 years, history, years, event, occurred, cretaceous, fossil record, record, iridium, 000, events, rates, loss, species, periods, impact, spike, period, contemporary, extant, fossil, earth history, giant, marine species, recent, marine, climate change, losses, 50 percent, estimated, recovery, extant species, biodiversity, time period, 1500, mass, global warming, understood] Extinction extinction, extinctions, mass extinction, extinct, asteroid, years ago, ago, estimates, million, percent
117 110 117_dinosaurs_birds_bird_reptiles [dinosaurs, birds, bird, reptiles, modern, archaeopteryx, cretaceous, million years, triassic, evolved, feathers, descendants, clade, cretaceous period, avian, gave rise, million, hip, lineage, years ago, fossils, 145, ago, 230, ancestors, flying, extant, gave, flight, mya, eating, groups, period, diverged, descended, extinction, turtles, late, extinct, includes, ancestor, parental care, species classified, years, 29, lizards, group, clades, figure 29, dominant] Evolution of Birds and Dinosaurs dinosaurs, birds, bird, reptiles, modern, archaeopteryx, cretaceous, million years, triassic, evolved
118 110 118_collision_internal kinetic_elastic_collisions [collision, internal kinetic, elastic, collisions, kinetic energy, kinetic, internal, dimensional, dimension, perfectly, point masses, masses, objects, dimensions, initially rest, colliding, conservation, velocities, energy lost, conserved, momentum, energy changes, stick, initially, cos, equal mass, conservation momentum, extended, energy, lost, cos cos, use equations, cube, initial, final velocities, momentum conservation, taking account, final velocity, happens, bodies, object, energy heat, total momentum, unchanged, energy conserved, energy available, massive, energy figure, coordinate, energy does] Collision collision, internal kinetic, elastic, collisions, kinetic energy, kinetic, internal, dimensional, dimension, perfectly
119 110 119_buoyant_buoyant force_submerged_floats [buoyant, buoyant force, submerged, floats, float, sink, floating, weight, object, steel, fluid, displaced, weight object, object weight, boat, density, force weight, volume water, density object, average density, fraction, log, force object, cork, sinks, gravity, ship, force, suspended, weight fluid, freshwater, fluid figure, figure 11, force equals, supported, submarine, water, woman, weight supported, volume, equal weight, specific, denser, equals, force equal, displace, water body, force greater, needle, placed water] Buoyancy buoyant, buoyant force, submerged, floats, float, sink, floating, weight, object, steel
120 110 120_isomers_cis_trans_isomer [isomers, cis, trans, isomer, geometric, double bond, methyl, butane, optical, write lewis, mirror images, double, structural, lewis structures, lewis, configuration, different atoms, write, structures, spatial, ligand, groups, differ, arrangement, bond, formula, arrangement atoms, carbons, different chemical, different, mirror, opposite sides, atoms, images, coordination, lewis structure, placement, chemical formula, ligands, figure 19, connected, double bonds, atoms connected, 19 21, bonds, molecule, complexes, structures figure, propene, molecular formula] Isomers isomers, cis, trans, isomer, geometric, double bond, methyl, butane, optical, write lewis
121 110 121_pollination_flowers_pollinators_flower [pollination, flowers, pollinators, flower, pollen, scent, wind, attract, insects, bee, bats, birds, flowering, flowering plants, insect, stigma, self, bird, hummingbirds, brightly colored, cross, figure 32, brightly, moth, plants, colors, colored, agents, flies, butterflies, adapted, 32, plant, coevolved, guide, transferred, hummingbird, night, wind water, coevolution, australian, pale, rich, usually, borne, mature, strong, appearance, adaptations, genetic diversity] Pollination pollination, flowers, pollinators, flower, pollen, scent, wind, attract, insects, bee
122 109 122_histone_nucleosomes_chromatin_epigenetic [histone, nucleosomes, chromatin, epigenetic, dna, proteins dna, methylation, modifications, proteins, chromosomal, acetyl groups, packing, tightly, transcriptional, methylated, changes, wrapped, acetyl, silencing, genes, proteins form, wound, gene expression, complex called, packaged, cancer cells, groups, region, dna molecule, alter, beads, gene, figure 16, transcription, cancer, expression, spaced, fiber, access, string, compacted, associates, complexes, regions, turned, open closed, methyl, new drugs, removal, eukaryotic] Epigenetic histone, nucleosomes, chromatin, epigenetic, dna, proteins dna, methylation, modifications, proteins, chromosomal
123 107 123_protists_protist_parasites_23 [protists, protist, parasites, 23, amoeba, animals fungi, common ancestor, animals plants, plants animals, figure 23, fungi, parasitic, unicellular, ancestor, eukaryotes, kingdom, animals, cell structure, multicellular, groups, believed, heterotrophic, ecological, plants fungi, plants, land plants, evolutionary relationships, includes, morphological, life cycles, organisms, eukaryotic, diversity, varied, crops, relationships, infect, characteristics, access multimedia, multimedia content, multimedia, single celled, books biology, biology 2e, groove, classified, celled, presently, multinucleate, motile] Parasites protists, protist, parasites, 23, amoeba, animals fungi, common ancestor, animals plants, plants animals, figure 23
124 107 124_sponges_sponge_flame_phylum [sponges, sponge, flame, phylum, cilia, excretory, cell types, larval, pores, feeding, chambers, cavity, class, body plans, specialized, body, like, food particles, functions, endoskeleton, silica, plans, water body, calcium carbonate, flow water, appendages, crustaceans, propel, cells, early development, fused, gel, larval stage, tissues, flagella, morphology, sessile, pore, tubules, body plan, cnidarians, excretion, lining, referring, trap, animals, mouth, carbonate, perform, figure 28] Sponges sponges, sponge, flame, phylum, cilia, excretory, cell types, larval, pores, feeding
125 107 125_graphite_diamond_allotropes_hazard [graphite, diamond, allotropes, hazard, carbon atoms, carbon, layers, ambient, allotrope, zircon, index refraction, index, 18 20, 18 23, gemstone, figure 18, refraction, single layer, colorless, soft, layer, membered rings, conversion, recently discovered, 18 21, normal conditions, hazards, carbide, reflections, antimony, lightweight, membered, silicon, planar, rings, tape, resonance, discovered, photo modification, form carbon, sheets, harder, arsenic, structure, thinner, 18, hybridized, hard, stable, lead] Alotropes of Carbon graphite, diamond, allotropes, hazard, carbon atoms, carbon, layers, ambient, allotrope, zircon
126 107 126_pollen_grains_grain_tube [pollen, grains, grain, tube, stigma, style, female, male, gametophyte, gametophytes, cone, ovary, sac, figure 32, filament, carpel, grows, sticky, wind, blows, immature, male gametophyte, cones, 32, female gametes, work robert, traps, sperm, gametes, deposited, wise, mother, male reproductive, maturity, fertilization, germination, develop, contains cells, robert, reproductive, sacs, develops, flower, grow, growing, ova, brownian, inner layer, micrograph, 1n] Pollen pollen, grains, grain, tube, stigma, style, female, male, gametophyte, gametophytes
127 105 127_mollusks_sea_stars_shell [mollusks, sea, stars, shell, class, foot, echinoderms, figure 28, star, snails, shells, brittle, classes, 28, cavity, slugs, calcareous, torsion, cucumbers, clams, echinodermata, feeding, arms, marine, visceral, anatomy, lilies, dollars, secrete, terrestrial, cephalothorax, organ, members class, commonly seen, prey, grinding, sand, feet, mouths, fused, squids, includes, head, modified, extend, credit modification, fold, phylum, teeth, feather] Stars mollusks, sea, stars, shell, class, foot, echinoderms, figure 28, star, snails
128 105 128_mole_moles_avogadro_avogadro number [mole, moles, avogadro, avogadro number, number moles, grams, molar mass, molar, mol, mole substance, deriving, mass, number, substance, formula mass, determine number, mole fraction, atoms molecules, number molecules, requested, number atoms, calculate molar, formula, units, determine mass, mass molar, fraction, type atom, molecular mass, element, mass compound, molecular formula, compound, ar, requirement, molecular, mass mass, determine, unit, conversion factor, corresponding mass, need calculate, concept, thousandth, molecules number, molecules, derive, italian, solution components, following compounds] Number of Moles mole, moles, avogadro, avogadro number, number moles, grams, molar mass, molar, mol, mole substance
129 105 129_soil_soils_horizon_inorganic [soil, soils, horizon, inorganic, organic, organic material, material, mineral, sand, weathering, layers, organic matter, figure 31, quality, clay, formation, composition, layer, 31, physical chemical, parent, minerals, rock, climate, vegetation, decomposing, moisture, beneath, chemical composition, usda, living organisms, nodules, surface earth, scientist, biological, water air, consists, plant, loose, microorganisms, water minerals, lies, factors, presence, matter, distribution, 50 percent, broken smaller, results production, major] Soil soil, soils, horizon, inorganic, organic, organic material, material, mineral, sand, weathering
130 105 130_fishes_jaw_sharks_cartilaginous [fishes, jaw, sharks, cartilaginous, bony, teeth, jaws, cranium, vertebrates, paired, scales, clade, vertebral, vertebrata, fish, vertebral column, skeleton, vertebrate, class, clades, figure 29, lack, invertebrate, skates, notochord, bones, possess, extant, dolphins, earliest, 29, vertebrae, column, features, gill, 000 species, evolution, rows, mouth, members, lobe, appendages, subclass, chordates, belong, secondarily, mouths, characterized, funnel, mammals] Fish Jaw fishes, jaw, sharks, cartilaginous, bony, teeth, jaws, cranium, vertebrates, paired
131 104 131_bulb_flashlight_lights_headlight [bulb, flashlight, lights, headlight, light bulb, bulbs, filament, dim, resistance, 60, incandescent, power, battery, tungsten, batteries, switched, lamp, hot, fluorescent, wired, rated, burns, operating, wires, switch, light, voltage, car, refrigerator, addressed, incandescent bulb, appliance, times longer, 20 calculating, cold, burn, old, automobile, turned, compact, operate, fluorescent light, settings, connected, large current, investment, power consumption, known values, operates, motor] Lights bulb, flashlight, lights, headlight, light bulb, bulbs, filament, dim, resistance, 60
132 103 132_galaxy_galaxies_milky_stars [galaxy, galaxies, milky, stars, away, distant, shift, shifts, moving away, red, years, universe, distances, closest, proportional distance, figure 34, galactic, brightness, distance, hubble, spiral, light, expansion, away earth, million, year, local, way, clusters, 34, farther away, moving, expanding, velocities, billion, measured, farther, proportional, fast, observable, supernovas, center, apart, distance light, relative, average distance, light emitted, speed relative, resolved, cosmology] Shifting away from us galaxy, galaxies, milky, stars, away, distant, shift, shifts, moving away, red
133 103 133_fat_calories_metabolic rate_bmr [fat, calories, metabolic rate, bmr, body fat, intake, metabolic, energy body, internal energy, fats, food, body, kcal, average number, carbohydrates, basal, chemical energy, exercise, gram, energy stored, stored, day, trans, food energy, eating, diet, weight loss, foods, rate, consumes, converted, energy conversion, epidemic, transfer doing, lose, doing, doing work, cardiovascular, nutrition, serving, weight, internal, work, sustain, fatty, eat, transfer work, loss, heat transfer, consumed] Fat fat, calories, metabolic rate, bmr, body fat, intake, metabolic, energy body, internal energy, fats
134 101 134_hormones_hormone_signaling_receptors [hormones, hormone, signaling, receptors, lipid, peptide, steroid, target, derived, target cells, steroid hormones, target cell, endocrine, amino acid, plasma, plasma membrane, amino, insoluble, intracellular, receptor, signals, signaling pathway, soluble, bloodstream, diffuse, ligands, polypeptide, cellular, specific genes, present cell, membrane, response, chemical structure, membrane cells, act, thyroxine, amplified, endocrine cells, cell, cells, carrier proteins, binding, affect, signaling molecules, bind, small molecules, transported, hormones affect, plasma membranes, proteins] Hormone signaling hormones, hormone, signaling, receptors, lipid, peptide, steroid, target, derived, target cells
135 101 135_body temperature_fur_insulation_animals [body temperature, fur, insulation, animals, warm, epithelia, cold, maintain, animal, feathers, body, endothermic, temperatures, desert, metabolic rate, metabolic, survive, arctic, connective tissue, winter, connective, reptiles, conserve, heat, fat, cutting, plane, bears, cool, temperature, fox, separating, climates, environmental, activity, internal body, animals use, adaptations, heat loss, bmr, help, cooler, maintaining, day, metabolism, internal, months, feedback, energy requirements, cavities] Body Temperature body temperature, fur, insulation, animals, warm, epithelia, cold, maintain, animal, feathers
136 100 136_disease_diseases_emerging_ticks [disease, diseases, emerging, ticks, infectious, death, infectious diseases, spread, europe, population, epidemic, killed, worldwide, pathogen, world, health, incidence, americans, million, bacterium, annually, black, estimated, million people, people, devastating, european, mortality, bacterial, humans, figure 22, endemic, institute, human population, geographic range, native, mice, 000, 22, 22 23, 1993, century, public health, bacterial diseases, infection, geographic, 200 000, control, 10 million, mediterranean] Disease Spread disease, diseases, emerging, ticks, infectious, death, infectious diseases, spread, europe, population
137 98 137_ionization energy_ionization_radius_number electrons [ionization energy, ionization, radius, number electrons, order increasing, radii, ea, positions, increasing, periodic table, number protons, ionization energies, periodic, increases, protons, atomic, cation, trend, nuclear charge, anion, neutral, electrons, energy required, ion, mg, number, halogen, covalent, atom, equal number, atomic number, electrically, remove, smaller, period, li, rb, based, predict, valence electrons, larger, largest, atoms number, energy, deposited, size atom, group, ca, increases increasing, charge] Ionization energy ionization energy, ionization, radius, number electrons, order increasing, radii, ea, positions, increasing, periodic table
138 98 138_taste_olfactory_smell_tongue [taste, olfactory, smell, tongue, receptors, epithelium, olfaction, 36, sense, receptor, odor, bulb, sour, nasal, cortex, figure 36, buds, foods, neurons, sensory, signals travel, humans, thalamus, stimuli, signals, located, identifies, nasal cavity, sweet, detect, bipolar, senses, bud, flavor, certain molecules, tasting, receptors detect, directly, brain, neuron, primary, cilia, recognizes, brainstem, cerebral cortex, enter, perceive, frontal, detecting, excite] Olfaction taste, olfactory, smell, tongue, receptors, epithelium, olfaction, 36, sense, receptor
139 98 139_ideal gas_gas law_ideal_gas [ideal gas, gas law, ideal, gas, law, gases, moles, behavior, avogadro, number moles, pressure volume, volume temperature, number molecules, gas constant, volume, gas volume, constant, volume gas, temperature pressure, laws, real, deviations, pressure, pressure gas, temperature, law terms, universal, conditions, number, relationships, pressure high, relating, non, mathematical, properties, molecules gas, confined, volumes, hypothetical, directly proportional, described, atomic molecular, experimental observations, identity, gas molecules, law calculate, law describes, constant called, relationship pressure, pressures] Ideal Gas Law ideal gas, gas law, ideal, gas, law, gases, moles, behavior, avogadro, number moles
140 97 140_mrna_rna_pre_pre mrna [mrna, rna, pre, pre mrna, translated, rna stability, stability, mrnas, rna molecule, translation, processed, processing, rna molecules, protein, cytoplasm, binding proteins, mature, coding region, protein synthesis, degradation, pre mrnas, rnas, ribosomes, guide, cancer cells, binding, coding, messenger rna, rate decay, poly, eukaryotic, protein coding, synthesis, bind, regions, ready, synthesized, messenger, proteins, terminus, breast, 15 11, region called, 16 13, increase decrease, cap, transcribed, translated protein, tail, exported] Translation mrna, rna, pre, pre mrna, translated, rna stability, stability, mrnas, rna molecule, translation
141 96 141_explain explain_explain_apart_ [explain explain, explain, apart, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Explain explain explain, explain, apart, , , , , , ,
142 94 142_homologous_chromosome_homologous chromosomes_chromosomes [homologous, chromosome, homologous chromosomes, chromosomes, inversion, chromatids, centromere, metaphase, chromosomal, recombination, meiosis, prophase, crossover, crossing, metaphase plate, segments, chromosome number, abnormalities, reciprocal, disorders, recombinant, genetic, exchange, homologous chromosome, figure 13, chimpanzees, exchanges, segment, anaphase, 13, identifiable, pairing, genetic material, poles, progeny, genes, plate, alignment, pairs, arms, individual, attached, 13 12, paste, exchange genetic, chromosome pairs, lengths, sister chromatids, inheritance, cut] Homologous chromosomes homologous, chromosome, homologous chromosomes, chromosomes, inversion, chromatids, centromere, metaphase, chromosomal, recombination
143 94 143_crystalline_solids_silicon_amorphous [crystalline, solids, silicon, amorphous, solid, covalent network, crystal, metallic, silica, silicon dioxide, defects, atoms ions, network, cubic, lattice, dipole, repeating, point temperature, crystalline solid, semiconductors, ionic, covalent, centered, solid state, impurities, attraction, liquid, materials, liquid state, semiconductor, quartz, melting, electronics, properties, regular, electronic, ordered, network solid, electronic devices, force attraction, intermolecular, particles, manufacture, ionic solid, ions molecules, state, definite, arranged, atom molecule, covalent ionic] Crystal crystalline, solids, silicon, amorphous, solid, covalent network, crystal, metallic, silica, silicon dioxide
144 94 144_prokaryotic_prokaryotic cells_eukaryotic_archaea [prokaryotic, prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic, archaea, prokaryotes, prokaryotic eukaryotic, eukaryotic cells, membrane bound, bacteria archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes, organelles, eukaryotic cell, prokaryotic cell, membrane, single celled, celled, cells, bound, plasma membrane, cells eukaryotic, plasma, prokaryote, celled organisms, 22, nucleus, cells prokaryotes, rod shaped, archaea bacteria, cell nucleus, cytoplasm, organisms, cell wall, differences, classify, categories, domains, figure 22, lack, shaped, matt russell, data matt, russell, matt, membrane surrounds, 22 prokaryotic, surrounding environment, cell, dartmouth, cells nuclei] Prokaryotic cells prokaryotic, prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic, archaea, prokaryotes, prokaryotic eukaryotic, eukaryotic cells, membrane bound, bacteria archaea, bacteria
145 94 145_electric field_equipotential_equipotential lines_lines [electric field, equipotential, equipotential lines, lines, electric, field lines, field, sketch, point charge, charges, vicinity, figure 19, figure 18, 18, 19, charge, field point, long distance, opposite charges, perpendicular, point, charge electric, field zero, point charges, charges figure, lines figure, field near, fields, 18 23, 19 shows, vectors, electric fields, positive, magnitude, field created, near, insulator, 18 49, having magnitude, total, 18 21, magnitude direction, square, center, magnitude electric, representations, 18 19, 19 10, strength electric, example 18] Equipotential electric field, equipotential, equipotential lines, lines, electric, field lines, field, sketch, point charge, charges
146 93 146_accelerator_accelerators_beam_beams [accelerator, accelerators, beam, beams, particles, particle, tev, colliding, linear accelerator, figure 33, 33, stanford, collide, accelerated, detectors, nearly speed, matter energy, proton, create, energies, massive, positron, large, linear, accelerate, created, accelerating, strong force, famous, beam particles, collisions, relativistic, machines, used explore, particle physics, matter, built, subatomic, greater energy, world, energetic, protons, charged particles, 2008, france, border, magnets, fundamental particles, cosmic rays, european] Accelerators accelerator, accelerators, beam, beams, particles, particle, tev, colliding, linear accelerator, figure 33
147 93 147_steps necessary_outline steps_answer question_answer [steps necessary, outline steps, answer question, answer, outline, question, steps, necessary, discuss, compare, change change, reasonable, answer reasonable, decrease increase, confirm, increase decrease, perform calculations, answers, does answer, calculations, neglected, significant, answer following, outlined, implications, convert, integral, implies, increased decreased, peanuts, stated, accepted value, difference, percent total, labeling, decrease, following question, photographs, evaluate, parts, got, choices, approximate, value obtained, treatment, change, perform, following questions, facts, conversion factors] Answer the question using steps. steps necessary, outline steps, answer question, answer, outline, question, steps, necessary, discuss, compare
148 92 148_unreasonable result_unreasonable_result_premise [unreasonable result, unreasonable, result, premise, assumption, responsible, unreasonable results, results, justified, criteria, unexpected, situation, impressive, necessarily, 67, inconsistent, module, exercises, 90, expected, value, certain, following, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Unreasonable Results unreasonable result, unreasonable, result, premise, assumption, responsible, unreasonable results, results, justified, criteria
149 92 149_prove_note case_verify_know [prove, note case, verify, know, recall, does depend, note, definition, noticed, careful, case, learned, noting, implies, earlier, depend, let, similarly, uniform, release, fact, check, gives, point, does, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Prove prove, note case, verify, know, recall, does depend, note, definition, noticed, careful
150 92 150_hydrocarbons_alkanes_hydrocarbon_ethers [hydrocarbons, alkanes, hydrocarbon, ethers, carbon atoms, carbon, iupac, chain, functional, ether, names, functional group, aromatic, groups, chains, rings, hydrogen atoms, functional groups, nomenclature, carbon chain, naming, propane, branch, bonds, hydrocarbon chains, carbon hydrogen, alkane, carbon carbon, bonded, carbon atom, atoms, atom bonded, ethane, group, organic compounds, butane, alcohols, oxygen atom, example 20, longest, chain carbon, double bonds, simplest, backbone, alkene, number carbon, hydrogen, suffix, substituents, triple bonds] Hydrocarbons hydrocarbons, alkanes, hydrocarbon, ethers, carbon atoms, carbon, iupac, chain, functional, ether
151 91 151_centripetal_circular motion_centripetal acceleration_circular [centripetal, circular motion, centripetal acceleration, circular, uniform circular, centripetal force, acceleration, uniform, circular path, motion, tangential, magnitude centripetal, circle, constant speed, curvature, linear, center, angular velocity, linear acceleration, motion motion, path, magnitude, curve, angular, velocity, velocity changes, tangent, constant angular, radius, acceleration acceleration, force, gravitation, direction velocity, velocity direction, vehicle, radius curvature, perpendicular velocity, velocity angular, center rotation, motion gravitation, road, acceleration object, linear velocity, speed, frame reference, constant, fictitious, object moving, object, rotation] Centripetal Motion centripetal, circular motion, centripetal acceleration, circular, uniform circular, centripetal force, acceleration, uniform, circular path, motion
152 91 152_trophic_consumers_primary producers_trophic level [trophic, consumers, primary producers, trophic level, producers, primary, productivity, biomass, ecosystem, web, food chain, food, figure 46, level, 46, springs, apex, levels, organisms, turnover, chains, chain, silver, grazing, gross, florida, energy transfers, ecosystems, consumer, phytoplankton, respiration, energy lost, higher level, models, energy flow, net, energy content, lake, efficiency, acquire, generated, transfers, efficiently, lost, english, dynamics, unit area, acquire energy, large percentage, particular point] Trophic Level trophic, consumers, primary producers, trophic level, producers, primary, productivity, biomass, ecosystem, web
153 91 153_radiation_ionizing_ionizing radiation_counters [radiation, ionizing, ionizing radiation, counters, detection, shielding, lead, detectors, ionization, nuclear radiation, exposure, penetrate, materials, material, rays, figure 31, counter, range, detector, radiation radiation, radiation figure, 31, personal, radiation exposure, effects radiation, solid state, gamma, absorb, penetrating, thickness, indirectly, pass, distance source, relative intensity, ranges, greater density, type radiation, brick, millimeter, interacts, monitors, used detect, monitoring, energy electromagnetic, penetration, figure 21, directly related, inexpensive, different types, effects] Radiation radiation, ionizing, ionizing radiation, counters, detection, shielding, lead, detectors, ionization, nuclear radiation
154 90 154_phosphorus_phosphoric_phosphoric acid_white [phosphorus, phosphoric, phosphoric acid, white, oxide, preparation, acid, phosphate, 18 occurrence, preparing, figure 18, preparation properties, trichloride, dihydrogen, 18, occurrence preparation, iii, occurrence, prepared, colorless, fertilizers, halides, method preparing, burns, acid forms, reactive, calcium phosphate, acid shown, red, chlorides, acid reaction, soft, heating, forms, tetrahedron, group 15, acid figure, pure, salts, compounds, solvents, hydrogen chloride, solid, phosphates, tons, potassium, gaseous, ammonia, chlorine, exists] Phosphoric phosphorus, phosphoric, phosphoric acid, white, oxide, preparation, acid, phosphate, 18 occurrence, preparing
155 90 155_lewis_lewis structures_write lewis_lewis structure [lewis, lewis structures, write lewis, lewis structure, resonance, resonance forms, structures, write, draw lewis, structures molecules, resonance structures, draw, structure, structure molecule, regions electron, lone, bonds lone, planar, electron density, distribution electrons, structure following, forms, lone pairs, tetrahedral, molecules ions, electronic structure, symbols, electronic, molecule, square planar, glycine, following molecules, trigonal, actual, following, regions, predict, carbonate, bonds, ion, trigonal planar, predict molecular, bond, pairs, carbon bonds, hybrid, distribution, double bond, appropriate, molecules] Lewis Structures lewis, lewis structures, write lewis, lewis structure, resonance, resonance forms, structures, write, draw lewis, structures molecules
156 90 156_decay_nucleus_beta decay_beta [decay, nucleus, beta decay, beta, energy released, emitted, nuclide, radioactive, parent, radioactive decay, decays, nuclear, alpha, unstable, neutrons, emission, radiation, nuclear decay, daughter, energy emitted, nuclei, reactor, fission, released, protons, emits, masses, daughter nucleus, spontaneously, nucleons, chain reaction, excited, nucleon, protons neutrons, used medicine, electron capture, gamma, calculate energy, excited state, stability, difference mass, proton, transmutation, fewer, electron, nucleus electron, atomic nucleus, decay decay, mass, mode] Decay decay, nucleus, beta decay, beta, energy released, emitted, nuclide, radioactive, parent, radioactive decay
157 90 157_closed end_tube_closed_fundamental [closed end, tube, closed, fundamental, fork, resonant frequencies, figure 17, frequencies, resonant, beat, frequency, resonance, instruments, ends, 17, amplify, open, end, sound, strings, instrument, beats, tubes, multiples, middle, air, column, musical, harmonic, played, wind, air temperature, vibration, displacements, end figure, long tube, length, hammer, musical instruments, disturbance, resonate, interferes, sound frequency, playing, continuing, audible, speed sound, guitar, vibrating, string] Closed End closed end, tube, closed, fundamental, fork, resonant frequencies, figure 17, frequencies, resonant, beat
158 89 158_spring_force constant_springs_potential energy [spring, force constant, springs, potential energy, compressed, compress, hooke law, energy stored, hooke, stretch, stretched, stored, potential, gun, constant, force, force needed, deformation, elastic, stretches, friction, toy, object mass, object, restoring force, converted, kinetic, chart shows, plunger, restoring, truck, compression, bounce, stiffness, stretching, bathroom scale, force exerted, compressing, hang, energy equation, energy, gravitational potential, kinetic energy, position, displacement, kinetic potential, bathroom, scale, stored energy, figure 16] Hooke's Law spring, force constant, springs, potential energy, compressed, compress, hooke law, energy stored, hooke, stretch
159 89 159_mitochondria_mitochondrial_endosymbiosis_endosymbiotic [mitochondria, mitochondrial, endosymbiosis, endosymbiotic, eukaryotes, chloroplasts, mitochondria chloroplasts, endosymbiont, mitochondrion, organelles, eukaryotic, engulfed, ribosomes, genome, host, eukaryote, aerobic, remnants, autotrophic, eukaryotic cell, bacteria, evidence, prokaryote, protist, genes, ancestral, genomes, theory, originated, ingested, eukaryotic cells, dna, prokaryotes, reduced, origins, disorders, free living, contain dna, cell resulting, extant, photosynthetic, proliferation, degrades, diplomonads, recognizable, proposes, origin, ancient, detectable, cytoplasm] Endosymbiosis mitochondria, mitochondrial, endosymbiosis, endosymbiotic, eukaryotes, chloroplasts, mitochondria chloroplasts, endosymbiont, mitochondrion, organelles
160 89 160_replication_strand_dna replication_fork [replication, strand, dna replication, fork, dna, strands, helix, synthesized, double helix, 14 dna, parental, fragments, origin, mutation, conservative, semi, template, binding proteins, double, stranded dna, newly, newly synthesized, leading, complementary, dna strands, pyrimidine, dna double, nucleotides, 14, stranded, continuously, purine, new, origins, opens, repair, suggests, proteins bind, prokaryotes, enzyme, stretches, eukaryotes, single, ahead, single stranded, daughter, extended, dna pol, taking place, short] Replication replication, strand, dna replication, fork, dna, strands, helix, synthesized, double helix, 14 dna
161 89 161_ct_rays_pet_scans [ct, rays, pet, scans, imaging, diagnostics, ray, medical, patient, dental, medical imaging, computed, scan, diagnostic, images, detectors, ray image, medical diagnostics, dimensional, detailed, radiation dose, detection, medical diagnostic, diagnostic uses, reveal, roentgen, dose, techniques, 32, chest, directions, body body, nuclear chemistry, figure 32, image, uses, used extensively, different directions, operated, used medical, information, imaged, diagnose, cancer, procedures, penetrating, absorption, extensively, film, emission] Radiography ct, rays, pet, scans, imaging, diagnostics, ray, medical, patient, dental
162 88 162_fatty_fatty acids_fatty acid_fats [fatty, fatty acids, fatty acid, fats, unsaturated, saturated, glycerol, acids, acid, double bonds, hydrocarbon, oils, double, hydrocarbon chain, double bond, chain, cis, fat, trans, acid chains, room temperature, backbone, long chain, acid figure, chains, oil, single bonds, room, acid example, carbons, acetyl groups, bonds, hydrocarbon chains, carboxylic acids, esters, ester, carboxyl group, carboxyl, pack, attached, bond, carboxylic, tightly, acids contain, fats oils, peanut, acetyl, chain carbon, hydrogens, cholesterol] Unsaturated Fatty Acids fatty, fatty acids, fatty acid, fats, unsaturated, saturated, glycerol, acids, acid, double bonds
163 88 163_nitric_nitric acid_nitrous_nitric oxide [nitric, nitric acid, nitrous, nitric oxide, oxide, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrous acid, acid, dinitrogen, colorless, nitrite, nitrate, oxidation, reduction, nitrogen oxides, oxidizing, oxides, nitrogen oxygen, monoxide, copper, reacts, strong oxidizing, figure 18, active metals, reacts water, trioxide, concentrated, oxyacids, react, dioxide, laboratory, combustion, soluble, metals, room temperature, odor, prepare, engines, oxidizing agent, method preparing, reaction nitrogen, exists, agent, ammonia, oxidation reduction, high temperatures, anesthetic, 18] Nitric nitric, nitric acid, nitrous, nitric oxide, oxide, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrous acid, acid
164 88 164_heat transfer_transfer_heat_thermal equilibrium [heat transfer, transfer, heat, thermal equilibrium, thermal, 14 heat, methods, temperature difference, hotter, transfer occurs, different temperatures, thermal energy, convection, contact, temperatures, heat flow, conduction, colder, different methods, transfer heat, transferred, hot, transfer energy, heating, heat heat, 14, temperature heat, temperature, objects, hot cold, heat transferred, cold, energy transferred, heat exchange, equilibrium, occurs, 14 12, temperature differences, transfer occur, difference, temperature change, flow, spontaneously, come contact, bodies, energy temperature, exchanged, solely, net heat, cooler] Heat Transfer heat transfer, transfer, heat, thermal equilibrium, thermal, 14 heat, methods, temperature difference, hotter, transfer occurs
165 87 165_prokaryotes_cultured_pathogenic_carbon nitrogen [prokaryotes, cultured, pathogenic, carbon nitrogen, macronutrients, nitrogen cycles, different sources, non, sources, prokaryote, grow, environments, nitrogen, obtain, beneficial, carbon, play, culture, obtain energy, thrive, stressors, metabolic, prokaryotic, vast, sources energy, nutrients, cycles, use different, prefer, conditions, metabolic processes, dormant, 22, laboratory, bacteria, roles, microorganisms, foods, bioremediation, organisms, diverse, require, environmental, energy sources, live, carbon cycle, state, setting, important role, unusual] Prokaryotes prokaryotes, cultured, pathogenic, carbon nitrogen, macronutrients, nitrogen cycles, different sources, non, sources, prokaryote
166 87 166_partial_partial pressure_torr_pressure gas [partial, partial pressure, torr, pressure gas, total pressure, partial pressures, pressure, henry law, mixture, henry, gas mixture, mixture gases, gas, pressures, gases, atm, kpa, cylinder, temperature pressure, atmospheric pressure, total, dalton, atmospheric, gaseous, number moles, pressure check, sum, mass gas, conditions temperature, component, volume, pa, law, moles, solubility, mole fraction, ideal, hg, gas solution, oxygen, gas pressure, volume measured, sample, collected water, law determine, check learning, percent total, exerts pressure, proportional pressure, solute] Partial Pressure partial, partial pressure, torr, pressure gas, total pressure, partial pressures, pressure, henry law, mixture, henry
167 87 167_subshell_shell_subshells_number electrons [subshell, shell, subshells, number electrons, maximum number, shells, electrons, filled, quantum numbers, maximum, principal, labeled, notation, quantum, orbitals, exclusion principle, numbers, exclusion, number, electrons occupy, half filled, spectroscopic, electrons electron, occupy, hold, pauli exclusion, pauli, list possible, shell atom, outermost shell, completely filled, orbital, orbitals atom, outermost, electron shells, shell electrons, capacity, allowed, electrons electrons, calculate maximum, 2n, corresponds, value, fit, determine number, fills, principal quantum, prove, letter, identify] Shells subshell, shell, subshells, number electrons, maximum number, shells, electrons, filled, quantum numbers, maximum
168 86 168_birds_feathers_flight_wings [birds, feathers, flight, wings, bird, fly, wing, muscles, body weight, flying, sternum, metabolic, respiratory, streamlined, metabolic rates, moves, hummingbird, adaptations allow, lungs, hummingbirds, cease, birds insects, lift, altitudes, modifications, bones, head, weight, avian, gas exchange, lot, reduce, secondary, mammals, bats, efficient, metabolic rate, drag, air, sacs, oxygen, body, respiration, enables, possibly, beat, unique, chest, insects, enable] Birds birds, feathers, flight, wings, bird, fly, wing, muscles, body weight, flying
169 86 169_ray_ray tube_rays_characteristic [ray, ray tube, rays, characteristic, anode, crt, spectrum, energetic, tubes, tube, cathode, shell, photon, electron energy, peaks, em, photon energy, origins, tvs, ray photon, strike, energies, electron, material, ray photons, inner shell, photon energies, high voltage, tungsten, emitted, computer, machines, accelerated, originate, produced electron, created, decelerating, spectrum figure, 30, electromagnetic spectrum, great small, photons, figure 30, things great, atomic, energy increases, excitations, electrons, braking, level diagram] Rays ray, ray tube, rays, characteristic, anode, crt, spectrum, energetic, tubes, tube
170 86 170_chloroplasts_plastids_endosymbiosis_photosynthetic [chloroplasts, plastids, endosymbiosis, photosynthetic, chloroplast, thylakoid, endosymbiotic, chlorophyll, secondary, membranes, stroma, inner membrane, green, sa, outer membrane, algae, membrane, derived, plastid, inner, photosynthesis, stacked, mitochondria, stacks, contain, organelles, mitochondria chloroplasts, engulfed, alga, algal, mesophyll, lumen, outer, endosymbionts, surrounded, prokaryote, cc, cyanobacteria, green algae, ancestral, event, takes place, heterotrophic, user, stack, endosymbiont, eukaryotes, eukaryote, ancestor, primary] Endosymbiosis chloroplasts, plastids, endosymbiosis, photosynthetic, chloroplast, thylakoid, endosymbiotic, chlorophyll, secondary, membranes
171 85 171_half life_half_life_half lives [half life, half, life, half lives, decay, lives, number nuclei, 131, radioactive, isotope, original value, decays, nuclei, activity, original, 239, years, radioactive decay, life time, 27 years, iodine 131, 238, chance, exponential, sample, days, 31, 21 10, neptunium, short half, time, years figure, uranium, isotopes, cobalt 60, decreases, radioactive isotopes, scarce, declines, table 21, appendix, month, number, finds, unreasonable results, surviving, remains, time required, remaining, iodine] Half Life half life, half, life, half lives, decay, lives, number nuclei, 131, radioactive, isotope
172 85 172_projectile_projectile motion_level ground_range [projectile, projectile motion, level ground, range, initial speed, initial, motion, vertical, horizontal, air resistance, maximum height, ground, launched, gun, motions, vertical motion, trajectory, maximum, given initial, level, target, velocity, initial velocity, height, vector, vertical component, cannon, acceleration gravity, lands, using following, hit, velocity given, vertical components, following equations, resistance negligible, analyze, horizontal vertical, negligible, ground assuming, figure 38, air, angle, gravity, vector addition, super, recombine, dimensional, displacement velocity, greater range, steps involved] Projectile Motion projectile, projectile motion, level ground, range, initial speed, initial, motion, vertical, horizontal, air resistance
173 84 173_antimatter_positron_matter_counterparts [antimatter, positron, matter, counterparts, positrons, antiparticle, mutual, particles, encounters, particle, asymmetry, normal matter, created, opposite charge, opposite, converted energy, symmetric, galaxies, energy form, pure, conservation laws, family, cosmic, rays, probes, nearly, 33, electron, having mass, identical, producing, neutral, leaving, pair, universe, creation, photons, family number, dominance, interact, converted, figure 33, evidence, mass energy, particle physics, total charge, decay, collide, nuclear decay, charge] Antimatter antimatter, positron, matter, counterparts, positrons, antiparticle, mutual, particles, encounters, particle
174 84 174_final velocity_final_velocity_velocities [final velocity, final, velocity, velocities, initial velocity, initial, velocity velocity, velocity zero, final speed, velocity using, unreasonable, change velocity, speed, vertical, calculate final, velocity speed, square root, solve, relative velocity, hint use, velocity calculate, constant appropriate, based experimental, horizontal, final velocities, long does, horizontal component, appropriate units, supplies, speed car, low velocities, total velocity, vertical velocity, starting rest, car, component velocity, decelerates, initial position, mile, position, starting, given initial, appropriate, substituting, fits, velocity given, experimental data, final position, zero, reach] Final Velocity final velocity, final, velocity, velocities, initial velocity, initial, velocity velocity, velocity zero, final speed, velocity using
175 84 175_uncertainty_uncertainty principle_heisenberg_heisenberg uncertainty [uncertainty, uncertainty principle, heisenberg, heisenberg uncertainty, principle, lifetime, position, momentum, short, quantum number, quantum, excited state, short lived, particle, excited, orbital, uncertainties, probability, wave, particle duality, ev, minimum, accuracy, electron, uncertain, wave particle, simultaneous, lived, yukawa, duality, wavelength electron, time, occupied, atom, does compare, shell atom, consequence, energy, smallest, limit, simultaneously, atomic orbital, discrete, accurately, state, decay, velocity electron, smallest possible, measure, quantum mechanics] Uncertainty Principle uncertainty, uncertainty principle, heisenberg, heisenberg uncertainty, principle, lifetime, position, momentum, short, quantum number
176 84 176____ [, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Unknown Topic , , , , , , , , ,
177 84 177_nuclear force_nuclei_nucleons_nuclear [nuclear force, nuclei, nucleons, nuclear, nuclear forces, protons, coulomb, nucleus, stability, neutrons, repulsion, repulsive, tightly, neutrons protons, strong nuclear, stable, progressively, magic, coulomb force, protons neutrons, band, lie, strong, nucleon, bound nuclei, ranged, attraction, tightly bound, attractive, mass nuclei, bound, low mass, range, strongly, forces, heavier, resist, repulsions, force, short, pushed, tightly packed, 21 following, drop, size nucleus, 100 times, farther apart, packed, greatest, previously unknown] Nuclear forces nuclear force, nuclei, nucleons, nuclear, nuclear forces, protons, coulomb, nucleus, stability, neutrons
178 84 178_antibodies_antibody_antigen_antigens [antibodies, antibody, antigen, antigens, secreted, affinity, figure 42, reactivity, 42, binding, serum, foreign, classes, domains, pathogens, humoral, specificity, bind, mucosal, immune, cross, variable, pathogen, response, mark, plasma, heavy, secretions, bodily, refers, destruction, class, mechanism action, self, strength, domain, affinities, defense, chain, secretion, self antigens, determines, tagged, sites, identical, macromolecule, binding sites, harmless, glycoproteins, immune response] Antibodies antibodies, antibody, antigen, antigens, secreted, affinity, figure 42, reactivity, 42, binding
179 84 179_switch_current_voltage_graph [switch, current, voltage, graph, time constant, time current, voltage capacitor, initial value, versus time, zero, closed, time, capacitor, rises, current voltage, 632, time interval, falls, figure 21, versus, remainder, graph figure, current current, resistor, ms, initial, interval, circuit, decline, moved, figure 23, draw, 37 shows, voltage current, starts, close zero, value, dissipation, constant time, open, 21, preceding, dc, declines, subsequent, 23, extremely large, position, constant, functions] Time-Current Graph switch, current, voltage, graph, time constant, time current, voltage capacitor, initial value, versus time, zero
180 84 180_ferromagnetic_magnets_magnetism_magnetic [ferromagnetic, magnets, magnetism, magnetic, domains, electromagnets, magnet, strong magnetic, materials, magnetic fields, 22 11, figure 22, currents, iron, 22, permanent, fields, curie, refrigerator, electric current, effects, magnetic field, alignment, material, poles, permanent magnets, induced, applications, electric currents, field, millimeter, attract, strong, earth magnetic, randomly, discovery, oriented, door, aligned, repel, cooled, chromium, orientation, transitions, bring, grow, exhibit, stick, works, strengths] Magnetism ferromagnetic, magnets, magnetism, magnetic, domains, electromagnets, magnet, strong magnetic, materials, magnetic fields
181 83 181_dating_rock_238_age [dating, rock, 238, age, old, years old, rocks, years, pb, radioactive, date, 87, half life, oldest, 14, 000 years, half, carbon, older, billion years, 50 000, dead sea, rubidium, dates, living, samples, billion, half lives, carbon containing, sample, undergone, decays, wooden, life, earth, scientists determine, example 31, age earth, lead, radioactive decay, uranium 238, accurate, decay, abundance, game, sr, thousand, ar, determined, strontium] Radioactive Dating dating, rock, 238, age, old, years old, rocks, years, pb, radioactive
182 83 182_23_explain__ [23, explain, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 23 23, explain, , , , , , , ,
183 83 183_interference_constructive_constructive interference_destructive interference [interference, constructive, constructive interference, destructive interference, destructive, waves, superposition, constructive destructive, integral multiple, path length, integral, length difference, pure, interfere, amplitude, identical, wavelength, trough, crest, crest trough, constructively, phase, figure 16, double slit, half integral, destructively, interfere constructively, 16 10, path, diffracted, depicts, 16, intensity, wave, peaks, multiple, arrive, disturbances, 10 superposition, slit, wavelength figure, stones, difference, occurs, exactly, equation sin, produces, bragg, wave interference, patterns] Interference interference, constructive, constructive interference, destructive interference, destructive, waves, superposition, constructive destructive, integral multiple, path length
184 83 184_bones_skull_skeleton_pelvic [bones, skull, skeleton, pelvic, axial, vertebrae, figure 38, facial, vertebral column, vertebral, limbs, 38, attachment, lower limbs, column, cranial, neck, clavicles, bone, consists, shoulder, attaches, shoulders, sternum, cervical, ossicles, spine, fuse, foot, cage, face, adult, thoracic, weight body, rib cage, fibrous, upper, rib, parietal, frontal, composed, protect, lower, provide, brain, work mariana, nose, ruiz villareal, nasal, villareal] Skeleton bones, skull, skeleton, pelvic, axial, vertebrae, figure 38, facial, vertebral column, vertebral
185 82 185_24___ [24, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 24 24, , , , , , , , ,
186 82 186_broglie_duality_wave_particle [broglie, duality, wave, particle, wave particle, wave nature, particle duality, particles, particles mass, nature, wavelength, properties, wavelike, nature matter, reviewed, em radiation, schrödinger, photons, matter, em, proposed, particle like, wave like, 29, massless, mechanics, quantum, microscopic, proposal, macroscopic, quantum mechanics, behavior, like electrons, wavelength given, waves, photons having, planck, exhibit, macroscopic scale, behave, character, like, fundamental, quantization, radical, shortly, having mass, electrons, later, modern physics] Wave-particle duality broglie, duality, wave, particle, wave particle, wave nature, particle duality, particles, particles mass, nature
187 82 187_pituitary_anterior pituitary_hypothalamus_anterior [pituitary, anterior pituitary, hypothalamus, anterior, hormones, stimuli, gland, posterior pituitary, endocrine, posterior, thyroid, hormonal, humoral, release, neural, hormone, glands, release hormones, thyroid gland, refers, located base, base brain, releases, adrenal, stimulating, inhibit, feedback, gland located, thyroid hormones, figure 37, regulate, capillary network, stimulated, secrete, inhibiting, 37, regulated, releasing, stalk, fluids blood, produced, anterior portion, regulatory, hormones regulate, circulatory, referred, control, response, stimulate, levels] Pituitary pituitary, anterior pituitary, hypothalamus, anterior, hormones, stimuli, gland, posterior pituitary, endocrine, posterior
188 81 188_voltmeter_circuit_measurements_device [voltmeter, circuit, measurements, device, appreciably, analog, 21, resistance, meters, measurement, figure 21, digital, current, accuracy, dc, measured, meter, measure, voltage, branch, connected, placed, parallel, alter, current flowing, standard, series, voltages, voltage source, measuring device, resistor circuit, limited accuracy, voltage current, resistances, represented symbol, current flows, small resistance, flowing, limit, connected parallel, resistor, devices, measuring, using standard, circuits, altering, deflection, accurate, flows, mode] Voltimeter voltmeter, circuit, measurements, device, appreciably, analog, 21, resistance, meters, measurement
189 80 189_25 25_25__ [25 25, 25, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Sure, the label for this topic is "25". 25 25, 25, , , , , , , ,
190 80 190_charged particles_charged particle_magnetic field_magnetic [charged particles, charged particle, magnetic field, magnetic, charged, field, field lines, earth magnetic, path, perpendicular, particles, particle, magnetic fields, fields, lines, allen, curvature, mass charge, circular path, proton, circular, spiral, trapped, radius, figure 22, magnetic force, cosmic, paths, radius curvature, 22, electric magnetic, cosmic ray, magnetism, moving, earth, page, van, field strength, northern, velocity, moves, lines figure, particles moving, parallel field, perpendicular velocity, perpendicular earth, curved, proportional mass, circles, strong magnetic] Magnetic field charged particles, charged particle, magnetic field, magnetic, charged, field, field lines, earth magnetic, path, perpendicular
191 80 191_batteries_battery_rechargeable_alkaline [batteries, battery, rechargeable, alkaline, lead, site http, dry cell, lithium ion, lithium, visit site, motorcycle, electrode, learning visit, anode, cadmium, zinc, electronic devices, visit, potassium hydroxide, dry, nickel, deliver, designed, portable, figure 17, http openstax, automobiles, anode cathode, devices, http, energy supplied, cathode, redox, connected series, car, 17 11, site, electronic, plated, cells shown, link learning, electrolyte, secondary, various combinations, cell, cars, 17, link, rated, supply] Batteries batteries, battery, rechargeable, alkaline, lead, site http, dry cell, lithium ion, lithium, visit site
192 80 192_greenhouse_global_climate_atmospheric carbon [greenhouse, global, climate, atmospheric carbon, climate change, carbon dioxide, greenhouse effect, dioxide, global climate, atmosphere, atmospheric, gases, warming, fossil fuels, fossil, fuels, carbon, global warming, industrial, human activities, gases atmosphere, dioxide levels, fossil fuel, trapping, human activity, activities, levels, trap, dioxide methane, burning fossil, burning, lake, human, planet, effect, earth, agreement, impact, historical, 300, affected, change, earth atmosphere, methane, altering, countries, figure 44, weather, increased, maintains] Climate greenhouse, global, climate, atmospheric carbon, climate change, carbon dioxide, greenhouse effect, dioxide, global climate, atmosphere
193 80 193_adrenal_epinephrine_stress_fight [adrenal, epinephrine, stress, fight, nervous, norepinephrine, medulla, response, epinephrine norepinephrine, flight, autonomic, glands, short term, heart rate, term, danger, cortex, kidneys, situation, long term, gland located, gland, kidney, hypothalamus, hormones, nervous systems, responsible, hormone, release, counter, impulses, endocrine, gland produces, mothers, rate increased, trigger, mediates, short, pathway, heart, emergency, effects, heartbeat, bursts, activated, rats, release hormones, secretory, releasing, responses] Stress response adrenal, epinephrine, stress, fight, nervous, norepinephrine, medulla, response, epinephrine norepinephrine, flight
194 80 194_cost_hours_electricity_power consumption [cost, hours, electricity, power consumption, costs, power, consumption, year, appliance, energy used, mw, kw, electrical energy, day, power output, electric energy, output, electrical, bulb, hour, electric power, power plant, average power, joules, consumed, replace, operating, appliances, electric, estimate, 1000, month, incandescent, time hours, business, incandescent bulb, power time, watts, running, commercial, mathrm, efficiency, square meter, averages, electrical power, average, effectiveness, time, operation, converted] Energy Consumption cost, hours, electricity, power consumption, costs, power, consumption, year, appliance, energy used
195 79 195_credit navy_07_navy_pelvic [credit navy, 07, navy, pelvic, credit, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Credit Navy credit navy, 07, navy, pelvic, credit, , , , ,
196 79 196_temporal___ [temporal, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Temporal. temporal, , , , , , , , ,
197 79 197_wheel_tire_tires_motorcycle [wheel, tire, tires, motorcycle, angular acceleration, angular, revolutions, angular velocity, wheels, radius, bicycle, acceleration, car, calculate angular, rim, rotating, speed car, rpm, rotate, velocity, number revolutions, spin, linear, car moves, linear speed, centripetal, centripetal force, figure 10, notices, highway, linear velocity, speed, linear acceleration, driving, final angular, exert force, tips, diameter, moves, rad, pitch, pulling, spinning, faster, automobile, left, opposing, travels, rotation, dust] Angular Acceleration wheel, tire, tires, motorcycle, angular acceleration, angular, revolutions, angular velocity, wheels, radius
198 79 198_channels_ion channels_channel_open [channels, ion channels, channel, open, depolarization, membrane, resting, action potential, membrane potential, enter cell, ion, ions, potential, neuron, action, enter, voltage, leave cell, threshold, pass, sodium, cell figure, array, passage, figure 35, resting state, returns, outside cell, relative concentrations, pause, cell, close, allowing, opening, resting membrane, signaling molecule, conformation, stereocilia, proteins, ions cell, reached, cell membrane, leave, return, closed, peak, allow, inside outside, linked, exit] Channels channels, ion channels, channel, open, depolarization, membrane, resting, action potential, membrane potential, enter cell
199 79 199_coelom_mesoderm_cavity_body wall [coelom, mesoderm, cavity, body wall, body cavity, endoderm, ectoderm, gut, lined, cavities, mesodermal, ectoderm endoderm, pouches, wall, develop, body, layer, layers, germ, animals, tissue layers, coelomic, gives rise, animal body, true, germ layers, organs, sandwiched, animals true, motility, develops, termed, eucoelomate, tissue, presence absence, archenteron, internal body, fuse form, germ layer, epithelial, rise, fuse, lies, visceral, internal organs, connective, arises, internal, partly, notochord] Cavities coelom, mesoderm, cavity, body wall, body cavity, endoderm, ectoderm, gut, lined, cavities
200 78 200_resistors_series parallel_parallel_series [resistors, series parallel, parallel, series, total resistance, resistance, resistor, resistances, combination, connected series, total, equivalent, connected, circuit, voltage source, connected parallel, combinations, figure 21, 21, dissipation, parallel connections, wired, circuit voltage, solving strategies, individual, voltage, reduced, source, 21 calculating, steps problem, resistance greater, explicitly follow, follow steps, strategies, series connection, resistance series, problem solving, various parts, explicitly, connection, sequentially, previous examples, flowing, resistance circuit, let, current, connections, current flowing, example 21, let consider] Series resistors, series parallel, parallel, series, total resistance, resistance, resistor, resistances, combination, connected series
201 78 201_primates_chimpanzees_world_primate [primates, chimpanzees, world, primate, centimeters, humans, modern humans, old, body size, mya, brain, lesser, great, figure 29, size, modern, cubic, divided groups, mammals, climbing, africa, selected species, trees, tail, 29, species, trend, banana, trees figure, larger, evolved, upright, modern human, evolution, south america, pan, dolphins, sexes, closely related, flattened, possess, new, selected, divided, descended, asia, pregnancy, include, date, boxes] Primate primates, chimpanzees, world, primate, centimeters, humans, modern humans, old, body size, mya
202 78 202_26_explain_10_ [26, explain, 10, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 26 26, explain, 10, , , , , , ,
203 78 203_ejected_photon_ev_em radiation [ejected, photon, ev, em radiation, em, binding energy, excited, photon energy, kinetic energy, threshold, photons, electrons, kinetic, incoming, electron, binding, orbit, maximum, frequency, brightness, energy, increasing, material, wavelength, energy ev, energy electron, longest, nm, excited state, wavelength photon, energy electrons, ground state, sodium metal, higher energy, radiation, excite, absorbed, energy photon, state, psi, metal, high energy, light having, photon light, having wavelength, given maximum, 71, electrons energy, higher, given] Emitted Radiation ejected, photon, ev, em radiation, em, binding energy, excited, photon energy, kinetic energy, threshold
204 78 204_ice_sea_warming_cores [ice, sea, warming, cores, global, warmer, global warming, antarctic, climate, sea level, pond, cooler, summer, figure 44, arctic, 000 years, antarctica, sheets, lake, temperature changes, 44, average temperature, polar, ad, melting, irregularities, increases decreases, geologic, ponds, mountains, impacts, 2010, day, climate change, decreasing, modern day, usgs, time period, little, freeze, age, temperature, cooling, seasonal, ocean, contained, frozen, gradual, level, deeper] Ice ice, sea, warming, cores, global, warmer, global warming, antarctic, climate, sea level
205 77 205_nuclides_nuclide_decay_stability [nuclides, nuclide, decay, stability, daughter, parent, unstable, stable, band, tightly bound, chart, tightly, radioactive, figure 31, decays, undergoes decay, half lives, lies, fewer, decay decay, bound, closer, series, protons, half life, atomic number, 31, region, lives, half, short half, primordial, stable unstable, thorium, waste product, isotope, neutrons, figure 21, ingested, nuclear forces, beta decay, undergoes, exist, uranium, isotopes, neglect, lie, undergo, simplified, plot] Decay nuclides, nuclide, decay, stability, daughter, parent, unstable, stable, band, tightly bound
206 77 206_oxidation_oxidation number_oxidation states_oxidation state [oxidation, oxidation number, oxidation states, oxidation state, oxides, oxidation numbers, states, state, guideline, transition, compounds, metals, inert, transition metals, oxygen, assign, nonmetals, exhibit, assigned, transition series, elements, number, metals form, metal oxides, covalent, oxidize, hydroxides, form compounds, metal, nonmetal, numbers, covalent compounds, attached, ionic, positive oxidation, oxidizing agent, compounds ions, oxides hydroxides, group metals, following compounds, atom attached, 18 19, containing, carbon atom, halogens, containing compounds, number carbon, combined, elements compounds, elemental] Oxidation oxidation, oxidation number, oxidation states, oxidation state, oxides, oxidation numbers, states, state, guideline, transition
207 77 207_rock_thrown_falling_terminal [rock, thrown, falling, terminal, thrown straight, starting point, straight, velocity, eagle, position, initial velocity, drag, starting, upward, heading, example 14, throws, loose, downward, way, jump, height, neglecting, falls, facing, edge, initial, hits, person, spread, vertical position, hit, positive value, air resistance, 00, final position, reach, ground, position velocity, tree, vertically, cross section, drag force, area, vertical, initial speed, speed, positive, altitude, point] Starting point rock, thrown, falling, terminal, thrown straight, starting point, straight, velocity, eagle, position
208 77 208_cord_spinal_ganglia_spinal cord [cord, spinal, ganglia, spinal cord, nerves, nervous, nerve, brain, central nervous, sensory, ventral, nerve cord, cranial, cords, brain spinal, figure 35, cns, peripheral, dorsal, brainstem, 35, motor, cerebral, transmit, peripheral nervous, central, cerebellum, neurons, nerve cells, segmental, sensory information, anterior, bodies, rest body, clusters, connects, body, body structures, basal ganglia, emerge, axons, lobes, gray, basal, chordate, connected, hollow nerve, nerve cell, interconnected, comprise] Nerves cord, spinal, ganglia, spinal cord, nerves, nervous, nerve, brain, central nervous, sensory
209 77 209_22___ [22, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 22 22, , , , , , , , ,
210 77 210_vaporization_phase_enthalpy vaporization_pressure temperature [vaporization, phase, enthalpy vaporization, pressure temperature, diagram, triple point, phases, triple, enthalpy, temperature pressure, liquid, solid liquid, melting, liquid gas, pressures, temperatures pressures, pressure, temperature, point, temperatures, phase phase, curves, curve, melting point, plots, substance, phase transition, temperature vapor, solid gas, solid, figure 10, exist, vapor pressure, diagrams, points, boiling, described, vapor, water using, acetone, water, critical, single point, liquid gaseous, indicating, temperature liquid, isooctane, liquid phase, equilibrium, physical state] Vaporization vaporization, phase, enthalpy vaporization, pressure temperature, diagram, triple point, phases, triple, enthalpy, temperature pressure
211 77 211_fruits_fruit_seeds_ovary [fruits, fruit, seeds, ovary, dispersed, dispersal, aggregate, fleshy, accessory, wind, nuts, seed, sweet, carpel, eat, mature, develops, peppers, flowers, fuse form, derived, lightweight, figure 32, fuse, beans, flesh, tomato, apple, cluster, multiple, corn, float, develop, favorable, germinate, clusters, covering, animals, bag, fused, dry, flower, agents, outermost, like, attract, unanswered, acorn, 32, taste] Fruit fruits, fruit, seeds, ovary, dispersed, dispersal, aggregate, fleshy, accessory, wind
212 77 212_coulomb_coulomb force_test charge_charges [coulomb, coulomb force, test charge, charges, point charges, field lines, charge, test, electrostatic force, force field, field, electric field, lines, electrostatic, negative charges, positive, electric, force, positive charge, force charge, terminate, magnitude, repulsive force, 18 42, nc, magnitude charge, field line, 18, positive charges, negative, separated distance, point, figure 18, distance, separated, law, repulsive, proportional magnitude, proportional, negative charge, magnitude force, magnitude electric, begin, charge negative, point charge, charge figure, point space, charge distribution, infinity, force direction] Coulomb Force coulomb, coulomb force, test charge, charges, point charges, field lines, charge, test, electrostatic force, force field
213 77 213_explain answer_answer_explain_justify [explain answer, answer, explain, justify, answers, responses, defend, response, answer question, question, know, check, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Answer explain answer, answer, explain, justify, answers, responses, defend, response, answer question, question
214 77 214_metals_transition_nonmetals_transition metals [metals, transition, nonmetals, transition metals, elements, representative, representative metals, inner transition, properties, group 12, periodic table, transition series, transition elements, group, main group, periodic, germanium, transition metal, group elements, inner, metal, preparation, alkaline earth, metals nonmetals, chemical behavior, heat electricity, reactive, group 15, nonmetallic, classify, arsenic, nonmetal, general, earth metals, alkaline, main, silicon, shaded, preparation properties, table, behaviors, boron, http images, occurrence preparation, natural sources, nonmetals form, classify following, group 14, conduct, code] Elements metals, transition, nonmetals, transition metals, elements, representative, representative metals, inner transition, properties, group 12
215 77 215_cancer_detection_protein_therapies [cancer, detection, protein, therapies, diseased, researchers, scientists, targeted, medicines, analysis, set proteins, disease, drugs, gene expression, signature, proteins, study, gene, genomes, studying, expression, screening, tumor, analyze, treatment, institute, treat, genomic, genomics, early, exploited, lung cancer, interactions, designing, new drugs, biology, develop, tumor cells, genome, dna sequencing, approaches, professionals, researchers use, drug, researcher, diagnose, use information, new, tumors, understand] Cancer Detection cancer, detection, protein, therapies, diseased, researchers, scientists, targeted, medicines, analysis
216 76 216_fructose_monosaccharides_sugar_sucrose [fructose, monosaccharides, sugar, sucrose, galactose, lactose, glucose, sugars, carbons, polysaccharides, dehydration, ring, milk, chemical formula, asymmetric, dehydration reaction, carbonyl group, monomers, carbonyl, bond formed, group, carbon, molecules glucose, branched, simple sugars, glucose molecules, classify, water molecule, carbohydrate, functional, oh group, suffix, group carbon, carbon chain, unbranched, breaks, oh, hydroxyl group, chain, bowl, polysaccharide, monomer, broken, functional groups, functional group, linked, hydroxyl, hydrogen oxygen, formula, bond] Sugars fructose, monosaccharides, sugar, sucrose, galactose, lactose, glucose, sugars, carbons, polysaccharides
217 76 217_empirical_empirical formula_formula_formulas [empirical, empirical formula, formula, formulas, formula compound, formula mass, molar, compound, molecular formula, molar mass, molecular mass, subscripts, molecular, molecular formulas, covalent compound, empirical molecular, amu, mass, following compounds, molar amounts, smallest, atomic masses, formula units, masses, subscript, multiplying, compound molecular, mass molar, derive, derived, mass compound, covalent, average atomic, determining, substance, derivation, tentative, formula unit, mass sum, ratio, relative numbers, ch, volatile liquid, compounds following, molecule molecular, compositions, determine, previous chapter, ratios, mass substance] Formula empirical, empirical formula, formula, formulas, formula compound, formula mass, molar, compound, molecular formula, molar mass
218 75 218_21___ [21, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 21 21, , , , , , , , ,
219 75 219_symmetry_bilateral_radial_bilateral symmetry [symmetry, bilateral, radial, bilateral symmetry, symmetrical, bilaterally symmetrical, bilaterally, right left, plane, divides, echinoderms, halves, animals, asymmetrical, animal, portions, anterior, transverse, display, coronal, figure 27, oral, upper lower, radially, left, ventral, right, adults, divided, body plans, phyla, dorsal, sides, axis, jellyfish, posterior, plans, cnidaria, planes, body, sea, 27, longitudinal, larval, central axis, body parts, figure 33, cut, head, echinodermata] Symmetry symmetry, bilateral, radial, bilateral symmetry, symmetrical, bilaterally symmetrical, bilaterally, right left, plane, divides
220 75 220_mitotic_cytokinesis_interphase_mitosis [mitotic, cytokinesis, interphase, mitosis, cell cycle, prophase, anaphase, phase, division, metaphase, daughter, daughter cells, chromosomes, spindle, cell division, stage, duplicated, cell, cytoplasmic, cycle, cells cell, stages, nuclear envelope, sister, cell growth, nuclear, phases, sister chromatids, replicated, totals, microtubules, envelope, gap, chromatin, chromatids, dna, separated, events, separate, centromere, metaphase plate, viewed, divisions, completed, chromosome, begins, series events, structure formed, golgi, normal cell] Mitosis mitotic, cytokinesis, interphase, mitosis, cell cycle, prophase, anaphase, phase, division, metaphase
221 75 221_radio_fm_antenna_broadcast [radio, fm, antenna, broadcast, tv, receiver, mhz, reception, frequency, station, frequencies, radio waves, resonate, amplitude, resonant, noise, carrier, stations, tower, sight, signals, pick, phone, waves, best, efficiently, high frequency, 88, figure 24, receive, resonant frequency, frequencies range, half wavelength, waves used, tune, specially, channels, wavelength electromagnetic, range, commercial, mobile, electromagnetic, oscillates, band, transmission, efficient, selective, utilize, wires, electromagnetic waves] Frequency radio, fm, antenna, broadcast, tv, receiver, mhz, reception, frequency, station
222 75 222_superconducting_high temperature_high_liquid nitrogen [superconducting, high temperature, high, liquid nitrogen, magnets, critical temperature, temperatures, temperature, materials, 34, advances, cost, yttrium, resistivity, 19 10, cooled, figure 34, wire, resistance, strong magnetic, electromagnets, wire resistance, temperature liquid, electric energy, widespread, fields, economically, liquid, strontium, material, zero, ceramic, low temperatures, magnetic, magnetic fields, transmission, expensive, wires, figure 19, team, 77, critical, later chapter, copper, nitrogen, losses, applications, employed, high temperatures, barium] Superconductivity superconducting, high temperature, high, liquid nitrogen, magnets, critical temperature, temperatures, temperature, materials, 34
223 74 223_enthalpy_enthalpy change_standard enthalpy_change reaction [enthalpy, enthalpy change, standard enthalpy, change reaction, standard, formation, enthalpies, enthalpy changes, hess, hess law, appendix, reactants, mole, change, standard state, reaction, state conditions, sum, data appendix, bond, reactants products, bond energy, physical processes, chemical physical, using standard, products, conditions, approximate, change following, required break, calculate approximate, thermochemistry, stepwise, mole substance, experimentally, changes, exothermic, determine, reactions, energies, constant pressure, break bonds, experimentally determined, using, mathematical product, stable form, bonds formed, determine approximate, equation valid, state] Enthalpy enthalpy, enthalpy change, standard enthalpy, change reaction, standard, formation, enthalpies, enthalpy changes, hess, hess law
224 74 224_rainbow_dispersion_white light_colors [rainbow, dispersion, white light, colors, prism, white, rainbow colors, wavelengths, incident angle, incident, figure 25, violet, arc, light, emerge, spectrum wavelengths, 25, light spectrum, spreading, slides, crown glass, refraction, beam light, beam, narrow, dispersed, wavelength, refracted, glass, wavelength light, nm, crown, angles, angle, 25 21, disperses, light water, light goes, 34 shows, perpendicularly, different locations, pure wavelength, goes, beautiful, grating, quartz, red, angle angle, index refraction, diffraction] Rainbow rainbow, dispersion, white light, colors, prism, white, rainbow colors, wavelengths, incident angle, incident
225 74 225_synaptic_synapses_neurotransmitter_neuron [synaptic, synapses, neurotransmitter, neuron, glutamate, long term, receptors, inhibitory, action potential, term, signal, neurons, inputs, gap, depression, figure 35, cascade, membrane, channels, released, electrical, action, release, 35, nerve cells, weakening, terminal, depolarization, chemical, long, strengthening, signaling cascade, nerve, positive ions, signaling, responsive, transmitted, chemical signals, axon, molecules called, causes, initiates, potentials, diffuse, degraded, acetylcholine, bind, blocked, calcium, transmission] Synaptic synaptic, synapses, neurotransmitter, neuron, glutamate, long term, receptors, inhibitory, action potential, term
226 74 226_pan_heat_specific heat_temperature water [pan, heat, specific heat, temperature water, heat water, heat capacity, aluminum, temperature, raise, stove, water heat, temperature difference, water, heat transfer, required heat, temperature heat, capacity, thermal equilibrium, temperature change, iron, transferred, specific, transfer, water temperature, heat transferred, increase temperature, 14 calculating, times, cold water, cast, final, heat required, thermal, transfer occurs, gained, hot, mass water, times greater, water hot, use equation, land water, required, going, example 14, minutes, terms mass, mass large, proportionally, evaporated, change mass] Heat Transfer pan, heat, specific heat, temperature water, heat water, heat capacity, aluminum, temperature, raise, stove
227 74 227_homo_modern humans_modern_africa [homo, modern humans, modern, africa, years ago, sapiens, humans, ago, million years, genus, years, million, europe, fossils, 000 years, asia, fossil, species called, present day, china, early, oldest, thought, ancestor, older, modern human, earliest, man, ancestral, debate, genome, 000, evolved, 1970s, species, mya, spent, human, lineage, mid, apparently, sequences, origins, recent, migration, ancestors, upright, past, groups, walking] Homo modernus homo, modern humans, modern, africa, years ago, sapiens, humans, ago, million years, genus
228 74 228_photon_momentum_dust_photons [photon, momentum, dust, photons, example 29, recoil, wavelength photon, 29, wavelength, photon energy, photon wavelength, tails, collision, photons having, momentum does, linear momentum, macroscopic, ray photon, particle, 14 shows, momentum energy, particles, disrupt, verification, momentum given, sun, total momentum, directly observed, outer space, absorption, passage, massless, relationship, topics, entering known, alter, figure 29, conservation momentum, carry, entering, microwave, fact, small, discussion, small masses, em radiation, away, relation, ev, massive particle] Photons photon, momentum, dust, photons, example 29, recoil, wavelength photon, 29, wavelength, photon energy
229 74 229_angiosperms_gymnosperms_seed plants_flowering plants [angiosperms, gymnosperms, seed plants, flowering plants, basal, era, flowering, monocots, seed, naked, plant life, eudicots, terrestrial ecosystems, seeds, cretaceous, plants include, plants, terrestrial, devonian period, 26, dominate, jurassic, geological, mya, modern day, usgs, million years, devonian, modern, dominant, dominated, dicots, conifers, landscape, sister, ancestors, ecosystems, group plants, life cycle, appeared, cretaceous period, period, million, figure 26, triassic, major groups, years ago, fossilized, group, tracheids] Angiosperms angiosperms, gymnosperms, seed plants, flowering plants, basal, era, flowering, monocots, seed, naked
230 74 230_oxytocin_placenta_labor_fetus [oxytocin, placenta, labor, fetus, baby, uterus, pregnancy, milk, childbirth, uterine, delivery, birth, gestation, contractions, stimulates, mammary glands, mammary, posterior pituitary, weeks, pituitary, posterior, figure 43, embryo, termination, hypothalamus, ed uthman, glands produce, uthman, 43, voluntary, surgical, glands, contract, ed, waste, aid, fetal, nutrient, pregnant, grows, ducts, positive feedback, abdominal, expelled, release, smooth, requirements, contraction, develop, stage] Oxytocin oxytocin, placenta, labor, fetus, baby, uterus, pregnancy, milk, childbirth, uterine
231 74 231_71_73_77_78 [71, 73, 77, 78, 103, 104, significantly different, 107, buffers, 72, noted, significantly, effective, appropriate, 14, 11, different, form, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] The label for this topic is "Different Buffers". 71, 73, 77, 78, 103, 104, significantly different, 107, buffers, 72
232 73 232_modulus_shear_deformation_deformations [modulus, shear, deformation, deformations, rubber, rubber band, stretch, compression, stress, change length, sectional area, band, cross sectional, sectional, strain, length, tension, applied, stretched, young, bulk modulus, nylon, sideways, elasticity, force applied, compressed, stress strain, bulk, rod, changes volume, applied force, unitless, shearing, string, guitar, items, parallel, area, cross, strings, board, parallel length, item, forces applied, depends substance, force area, ratio force, behave, change shape, weights] Deformation modulus, shear, deformation, deformations, rubber, rubber band, stretch, compression, stress, change length
233 73 233_glycolysis_pyruvate_phosphate_glucose [glycolysis, pyruvate, phosphate, glucose, enzyme, fructose, atp, second half, pathway, kinase, step, atp molecules, phosphorylation, nadh, sugar, dehydrogenase, molecules produced, glucose molecule, phosphorylated, breakdown, sixth, catalyzed, limiting, extract, catalyzes, isomer, nadph, pyruvic acid, pyruvic, half, metabolic pathway, form glucose, extracts, producing, second, atp adp, phosphorylates, molecules, sugar molecules, split, investment, phosphatase, regulated, carbon, begins, sugars, deficiency, high energy, cells figure, inhibited] Glycolysis glycolysis, pyruvate, phosphate, glucose, enzyme, fructose, atp, second half, pathway, kinase
234 73 234_spontaneous_spontaneity_nonspontaneous_free energy [spontaneous, spontaneity, nonspontaneous, free energy, reaction spontaneous, gibbs, standard conditions, gibbs free, free, process, conditions, gt, energy change, spontaneous reaction, lt, enthalpy entropy, spontaneous process, entropy, entropy changes, low temperatures, standard, arithmetic, process occurs, temperatures, example 16, matter energy, temperature, reaction, continual, used predict, dispersal, accompanies, input energy, available work, temperature dependence, photo modification, state function, processes occur, thermodynamics, low, energy state, enthalpy, energy available, chemical reaction, processes, predict, reaction occurs, reaction reaction, 16, previously] Spontaneity spontaneous, spontaneity, nonspontaneous, free energy, reaction spontaneous, gibbs, standard conditions, gibbs free, free, process
235 73 235_halogens_fluorine_xenon_halogen [halogens, fluorine, xenon, halogen, halides, interhalogens, oxidize, oxidizing, preparation, oxidation state, preparation properties, oxidation, occurrence preparation, occurrence, oxidizes, binary, reaction metal, 18 11, representative metals, compounds, oxidizing agents, fluoride, representative, agents, react, metal, noble, salts, oxygen, positive oxidation, exhibits positive, oxidizing agent, prepared, lighter, metals, elements, heavier, reacts, silicon, respective, handle, strongest, properties, preparing, agent, 18, iodine, noble gases, state, heating] Halogens halogens, fluorine, xenon, halogen, halides, interhalogens, oxidize, oxidizing, preparation, oxidation state
236 73 236_18 18_18__ [18 18, 18, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Sure, the label for this topic is "18". 18 18, 18, , , , , , , ,
237 73 237_19 19_19__ [19 19, 19, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Sure, the label for this topic is "19". 19 19, 19, , , , , , , ,
238 72 238_12 12_12_participants_test hypothesis [12 12, 12, participants, test hypothesis, split, hypothesis, test, groups, 24, 16, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Participants and Test Hypothesis 12 12, 12, participants, test hypothesis, split, hypothesis, test, groups, 24, 16
239 72 239_neurons_axon_neuron_cell body [neurons, axon, neuron, cell body, axons, 35, nervous, figure 35, signals, specialized, receive, synapses, bipolar, cellular components, main types, central nervous, chemical signals, signal, communicate, projections, types, terminals, different parts, nerve, specialized cells, send, send signals, 35 figure, great diversity, muscle cells, nucleus cell, nerve cell, messages, neuronal, electrical, cerebellum, micrograph shows, sending, nervous systems, carry, transmits, functions, spines, receiving, cells figure, broadly, constitute, different types, main, cells] Neurons neurons, axon, neuron, cell body, axons, 35, nervous, figure 35, signals, specialized
240 72 240_27_classical_situation_ [27, classical, situation, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Sure, the label for this topic is "situation". 27, classical, situation, , , , , , ,
241 72 241_32___ [32, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 32 32, , , , , , , , ,
242 72 242_laminar_flow_turbulence_reynolds [laminar, flow, turbulence, reynolds, reynolds number, laminar flow, mix, smooth, 2000, layers, onset, obstruction, 3000, fluid, oscillate, flow fluid, nozzle, example 12, hose, unitless, moving object, 12 11, 12, flow rate, diameter, characterized, tube, mixing, cm, dependence, figure 12, predict, number defined, higher speed, 2000 3000, object, streamlined, care taken, number, graphic, sphere, force left, fluid fluid, proportional speed, creating, flow resistance, large objects, diameter tube, 12 10, extremely sensitive] Laminar Flow laminar, flow, turbulence, reynolds, reynolds number, laminar flow, mix, smooth, 2000, layers
243 72 243_speed sound_sound_speed_sound waves [speed sound, sound, speed, sound waves, sound wave, sounds, medium, emitted, 17, waves, 17 sound, sound travels, air, figure 17, air molecules, faster, loudness, amplitude, speaker, stationary, source, compressible, pressures, media, greater pressure, disturbance, wave, travel speed, air pressure, travels, spread, moves, 13 figure, air temperature, gauge, columns, travel, gases, standing waves, frequencies, rms, door, day, hear, sea level, rigid, room, altitude, airplane, varying] Speed of Sound speed sound, sound, speed, sound waves, sound wave, sounds, medium, emitted, 17, waves
244 72 244_15 15_15__ [15 15, 15, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Sure, the label for this topic is "15". 15 15, 15, , , , , , , ,
245 71 245_reabsorption_blood pressure_kidneys_adrenal [reabsorption, blood pressure, kidneys, adrenal, hormone, blood, cortex, increase blood, release, tubules, kidney, sodium, epinephrine, water balance, increases blood, peptide, urine, ii, epinephrine norepinephrine, osmotic balance, hormones, excreted, osmotic, regulate, balance, norepinephrine, volume blood, triggers, hormonal, osmoregulatory, pressure volume, secretion, volume pressure, stimulated, volume, hormone produced, levels, 41, stimulates, maintain, decrease blood, pressure, affects, anti, hypothalamus, renal, levels blood, causes, hormonal control, help regulate] Kidney Reabsorption reabsorption, blood pressure, kidneys, adrenal, hormone, blood, cortex, increase blood, release, tubules
246 71 246_equivalence_ph_weak acid_strong base [equivalence, ph, weak acid, strong base, base, color change, acid, acid strong, strong, strong acid, curves, acid base, sample, naoh, ml, indicators, weak, point, solution, volume, added, hcl, stoichiometric, 14 20, added base, volumes, sample solution, orange, color, suitable, acetate, excess, reach, molarity, end, sodium hydroxide, solution containing, 14, figure 14, 14 18, curve, solution potassium, indicator, example 14, analysis, concentration, requires, computed, hydroxide, evans] pH equivalence, ph, weak acid, strong base, base, color change, acid, acid strong, strong, strong acid
247 71 247_29___ [29, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 29 29, , , , , , , , ,
248 71 248_transformer_voltages_ac_transformers [transformer, voltages, ac, transformers, input, output, power, output voltage, secondary, voltage, turns, 120, number loops, coils, loops, dc, primary secondary, primary, distribution, transmission, ratio number, step, volts, appliances, 240, losses, figure 23, used large, kv, batteries, 23, times second, sent, plug, transmission lines, long distances, transmitted, new zealand, zealand, coil, distances, like figure, current, homes, ratio, transformed, ac voltage, power plant, high voltage, example 23] Voltage Transformation transformer, voltages, ac, transformers, input, output, power, output voltage, secondary, voltage
249 71 249_ma_machines_machine_picture [ma, machines, machine, picture, disk, stick, lever, mechanical advantage, force exerted, hammer, exert, force, exerted, hit, apply, rearranging equation, advantage, devices used, simple, unbalanced, struck, expense, input, figure 21, mechanical, external force, equal opposite, striking, frictionless, average force, forward, force applied, multiply, rearranging, momentum conserved, strikes, external, tip, brought, rotate, word, slightly, pull, driving, opposite forces, comes rest, backward, torque, comes greek, trick] Mechanical Advantage ma, machines, machine, picture, disk, stick, lever, mechanical advantage, force exerted, hammer
250 71 250_antibiotics_antibiotic_resistant_bacterial [antibiotics, antibiotic, resistant, bacterial, penicillin, bacteria, cloning, bacterial infections, aureus, infections, dna, dna fragments, sequence, organism, restriction, fragments, mapping, sequencing, genes, crisis, gene, antagonistic, sequences, repeats, excessive, genome, prokaryote, molecular cloning, dna sequencing, facilities, treated, kill, technique, resistance, genetic, kills, method, growth, treat, complete set, study, dna dna, resulted, single nucleotide, individual dna, gel, information obtained, genomes, library, news] Antibiotics antibiotics, antibiotic, resistant, bacterial, penicillin, bacteria, cloning, bacterial infections, aureus, infections
251 70 251_einstein_relativity_general relativity_special relativity [einstein, relativity, general relativity, special relativity, special, general, theory relativity, postulate, postulates, theory, second postulate, albert einstein, predictions, frames, albert, revolutionary, accelerated, verification, observers, relative motion, deals, famous, published, verified, encompasses, 20th century, 20th, experimental, theories, developed, recognized, gravity, space time, speed light, physicist, uncertainties, did, prove, classical physics, gravitation, later, bending, implications, electric magnetic, classical, based, ideas, think, correct, applies] Theory of Relativity einstein, relativity, general relativity, special relativity, special, general, theory relativity, postulate, postulates, theory
252 70 252_zygote_sperm_egg_fertilization [zygote, sperm, egg, fertilization, fuses, diploid, divides, egg cell, fertilized, fertilized egg, endosperm, gametes, celled, embryo, cell divisions, blastula, sperm cells, cleavage, single celled, germ, divisions, cell, spermatogenesis, develops, development, gonads, figure 43, cells called, embryonic development, fertilization egg, undergoes, 43, fuse form, mitosis, fertilization occurs, form, mitotic, cells, fuse, early development, begins, genetically identical, stem cells, forming, flagellum, fail, multi, multiple, embryonic, rounds] Fertilization zygote, sperm, egg, fertilization, fuses, diploid, divides, egg cell, fertilized, fertilized egg
253 70 253_11 11_11_11 10_highest [11 11, 11, 11 10, highest, low, value, 10, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Sure, the label for this topic is "Highest and Lowest Values". 11 11, 11, 11 10, highest, low, value, 10, , ,
254 70 254_conservative_conservative forces_nonconservative_mechanical energy [conservative, conservative forces, nonconservative, mechanical energy, mechanical, potential energy, forces, potential, force work, energy theorem, path taken, forces act, starting ending, ending points, work, potential energies, theorem, energy, energy potential, work energy, conservation, force, define, calculate work, ending, depends, path, gravitational, gravitational force, total work, change potential, energy associated, applying, energy changes, energy mechanical, force just, conservation energy, forces work, taken, act, forces involved, depends path, energy principle, previous equation, equals change, gravitational potential, energy conservation, work force, starting, previous] Conservative Forces conservative, conservative forces, nonconservative, mechanical energy, mechanical, potential energy, forces, potential, force work, energy theorem
255 70 255_nitrogenous_nucleotide_sugar_thymine [nitrogenous, nucleotide, sugar, thymine, guanine, adenine, phosphate, cytosine, phosphate group, bases, pentose, pyrimidine, hydroxyl group, hydroxyl, ring, purine, membered, base pairs, ring structure, base, nucleoside, phosphodiester, group, nucleotides, group carbon, attached, pairs, uracil, rna, stacked, carbon, ester, attached carbon, phosphate groups, carbon nitrogen, complementary, oh, backbone, group figure, polynucleotide, figure 31, linkage, smaller size, oh group, comprise, double, dna, structure, attaches, position] Bases nitrogenous, nucleotide, sugar, thymine, guanine, adenine, phosphate, cytosine, phosphate group, bases
256 69 256_28___ [28, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 28 28, , , , , , , , ,
257 69 257_heart_pacemaker_electrodes_electrical [heart, pacemaker, electrodes, electrical, beating, electrical signals, shock, artificial, voltage, chest, current, attack, depolarization, beats, voltages, electric current, electric, heart rate, signals, cardiac, monitor, peak, measures, ac, electrical shock, hazard, currents, shape size, charge flows, electrical impulses, ray image, resistivity, small time, ohm, delta, person, fetal, measure, victim, irregular, variations, time intervals, device, hertz, abbreviated, technique, surgery, electric charge, intervals, placed] Electrical signals heart, pacemaker, electrodes, electrical, beating, electrical signals, shock, artificial, voltage, chest
258 69 258_modification work_modification_credit modification_credit [modification work, modification, credit modification, credit, work, flickr credit, noaa, flickr, usda, usfws, service, fish wildlife, work cory, species credit, zanker, wildlife, cory zanker, cory, jim, work noaa, work usda, work jon, nih, jon sullivan, sullivan, fish, jon, usda ars, ars, based original, work steve, ecology, zanker credit, michael, ars credit, et, work robert, steve, chapter outline, work nasa, following statements, everyday connection, work nci, usgs, statements, nci, outline, nasa, robert, national] Modification modification work, modification, credit modification, credit, work, flickr credit, noaa, flickr, usda, usfws
259 69 259_conductor_free charges_excess charge_electric field [conductor, free charges, excess charge, electric field, conductors, charges, electric, static, excess, electric fields, free, field, field inside, electrostatic, figure 18, surface, pointed, charge, 18, inside, equilibrium, perpendicular surface, fields, sharp, charges inside, concentrated, free charge, equilibrium figure, good conductors, equipotential, parallel surface, charge figure, spherical, externally, field applied, happens, surfaces, uniform electric, collect, smooth, applications, relates, repulsion, good, points, corners, point charge, conducting, forced, entirely] Electric Field conductor, free charges, excess charge, electric field, conductors, charges, electric, static, excess, electric fields
260 69 260_pump_refrigerators_performance_pumps [pump, refrigerators, performance, pumps, heat, refrigerator, cold, coefficient, heat transfer, warm, best, transfer, work input, environment, reservoir, transfer environment, temperature cold, cool, climates, input required, cost, figure 15, heat engine, temperature heat, home, 15, using heat, input, thermodynamics, indoor, hot, air, engine, transfer occur, winter, mild, transfer occurs, temperatures, ambient, temperature, ideal, run, british, expensive, cools, greater, heating, applications, room, house] Performance of pumps and refrigerators pump, refrigerators, performance, pumps, heat, refrigerator, cold, coefficient, heat transfer, warm
261 69 261_polymers_plastics_monomers_monomer [polymers, plastics, monomers, monomer, dehydration, polymer, hydrolysis, water molecule, polyethylene, recycling, plastic, macromolecules, water molecules, polymerization, bags, ethylene, synthesis, condensation, molecule, gains, reactions, hydroxyl, hydrolysis reaction, combine, bond formation, units called, containers, large molecules, polystyrene, hydroxyl group, bonds form, formation, release, used produce, repeating, figure 20, release energy, catalyzed, synthetic, water, leads, transition metal, units, organic, molecules, covalent, bonds, split, carbon hydrogen, break] Polymerization polymers, plastics, monomers, monomer, dehydration, polymer, hydrolysis, water molecule, polyethylene, recycling
262 68 262_instantaneous_average speed_average velocity_average [instantaneous, average speed, average velocity, average, velocity, speed, instant, velocity average, divided time, speed average, distance traveled, traveled, divided, displacement, time, calculus, trip, interval, total distance, acceleration, infinitesimally small, infinitesimally, hour, time velocity, travel, distinguish, velocity time, velocity velocity, velocity speed, acceleration acceleration, instantaneous rate, distance, magnitude, indicated, mean, calculate average, passenger, tangent, elapsed time, speeds, elapsed, sense, car, specific, tell, airplane, obtained, speed example, using given, later module] Average Speed instantaneous, average speed, average velocity, average, velocity, speed, instant, velocity average, divided time, speed average
263 68 263_behaviors_behavior_behavioral_displays [behaviors, behavior, behavioral, displays, learned, social, innate, communicate, fighting, fitness, game, biology, animal, human behavior, benefits, communication, animals, benefit, alarm, conversation, opponent, elephants, evolutionary advantage, dolphins, members, changes environment, associate, chances, stimuli, respond, natural selection, influenced, finding, reciprocal, different ways, evolutionary, fight, ultimate, animal kingdom, migration, 45, involve, maturation, termed, primates, individuals, humans, environmental, genetics, kingdom] Behavior behaviors, behavior, behavioral, displays, learned, social, innate, communicate, fighting, fitness
264 68 264_polar_dipole_nonpolar_polar molecules [polar, dipole, nonpolar, polar molecules, polar molecule, electronegativity, polar covalent, polarity, dipole dipole, electronegative, partial, dipole attractions, bond, separation charge, bonds, dipoles, molecule, attractions, following molecules, covalent, ions contain, molecules polar, bond type, difference electronegativity, electronegative atom, inherent, separation, negative charge, nonpolar molecules, charge, moment, covalent bond, molecules, positive, positive charge, negative, absolute value, electrostatic, molecules ions, attraction, bonds molecule, electronegativity difference, designate, electrostatic attraction, plus sign, charge atom, positive negative, indicate, partially, order increasing] Polarity polar, dipole, nonpolar, polar molecules, polar molecule, electronegativity, polar covalent, polarity, dipole dipole, electronegative
265 67 265_celsius_kelvin_fahrenheit_scales [celsius, kelvin, fahrenheit, scales, scale, degrees, degree, celsius kelvin, temperature kelvin, temperature, kelvin temperature, kelvin scale, temperatures, degrees celsius, degree celsius, convert, absolute, word, absolute temperature, solve temperature, official, converting, si, value equation, range temperatures, known value, symbol, numerical value, si unit, 19th, equation relating, unit, conversions, units, abbreviated, temperature temperature, oven, equation solve, europe, relating, figure 13, equation, plug, conversion, numerical, commonly used, scale used, text chapter, chapter gases, increment] Degrees celsius, kelvin, fahrenheit, scales, scale, degrees, degree, celsius kelvin, temperature kelvin, temperature
266 67 266_car_curve_speed car_ideally [car, curve, speed car, ideally, car mass, speed, race, turn, car moves, curves, moves right, road, bumps, left, highway, driver, radius, ideal, force left, acceleration car, drivers, track, speeding, tracks, car moving, right, moves, real, feel, moving away, traveling, taken, angle, approaching, tight, noticed, slowing, sharp, moving, slower, noticeable, goes, corner, turning, faster, travels, thrown, radius curvature, cars, figure 36] Curve car, curve, speed car, ideally, car mass, speed, race, turn, car moves, curves
267 66 267_deflection_sensitivity_voltmeter_resistance [deflection, sensitivity, voltmeter, resistance, scale, analog, reading, reads, current, needle, shunt, adjusted, discussed text, digital, switch, flows, placed, allow, current flow, meters, instrument, bridge, device, low resistance, series, closed, circuit, 21 30, parallel, currents, readout, rule, zero, unknown, current flows, junction, having, current passes, resistance series, choice, device called, maximum, text, gives, internal resistance, opened, resistance current, current flowing, meter, figure 21] Deflection deflection, sensitivity, voltmeter, resistance, scale, analog, reading, reads, current, needle
268 66 268_solution solution_solution_best way_icl [solution solution, solution, best way, icl, solution answer, happening, answer, everyday connection, does make, make sense, scale, keeps, repeating, motorcycle, visit, possibility, yes, parents, check understanding, sizes, hours, largest, greatest, intermediate, everyday, smallest, best, sense, let, approach, think, question, requires, battery, understanding, compare, discuss, connection, relationship, position, step, check, way, problem, make, does, process, , , ] Solution solution solution, solution, best way, icl, solution answer, happening, answer, everyday connection, does make, make sense
269 66 269_density_calculate density_mass volume_volume [density, calculate density, mass volume, volume, determine density, mass unit, mass density, unit volume, densities, average density, substance, greater density, volume density, density given, cube, mass, substance object, table 11, ratio mass, used identify, density independent, density object, decimal places, volume occupied, edge length, decimal, unit, given table, calculate, occupied, 11, identify, equation form, si unit, defined, substances, places, gaseous hydrogen, results example, learning learn, selected, percent increase, units mass, item, edge, piece, important characteristic, simulator http, given density, mass sample] Density density, calculate density, mass volume, volume, determine density, mass unit, mass density, unit volume, densities, average density
270 66 270_ozone_upper atmosphere_depletion_ultraviolet [ozone, upper atmosphere, depletion, ultraviolet, decomposition, ultraviolet radiation, atmosphere, chlorine, mechanism, upper, ultraviolet light, nitric oxide, antarctica, hole, layer, chlorine atoms, catalyze, nitric, uv, step mechanism, step, protects, oxide, absorbing, destruction, compounds carbon, radiation sun, sun, oxygen, antarctic, decomposition reaction, instrumental, earth surface, elementary, reaction, atmospheric, earth, uv radiation, substantial, reaction mechanism, radiation, chemicals, commercially, appears, china, catalyzes, odor, overall reaction, catalyzed, involve] Ozone ozone, upper atmosphere, depletion, ultraviolet, decomposition, ultraviolet radiation, atmosphere, chlorine, mechanism, upper
271 66 271_20 20_20_consistent_result [20 20, 20, consistent, result, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Sure, the label for this topic is "consistent result". 20 20, 20, consistent, result, , , , , ,
272 66 272_credit___ [credit, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Credit credit, , , , , , , , ,
273 66 273_chromosome_females_males_linked [chromosome, females, males, linked, chromosomes, syndrome, trait, sex, male, recessive, female, inactivates, inherit, coat, males females, inactivation, inactivated, allele, disorders, phenotypically, sex chromosomes, cats, abnormalities, offspring, embryonic, pair, express, carriers, embryonic development, phenotypic, genotype, blindness, 12 13, mild, children, drosophila, development, color, disease, corresponds, compensate, said, number chromosomes, human, humans, corresponding, chromatin, genes, epigenetic, gene] Chromosomes chromosome, females, males, linked, chromosomes, syndrome, trait, sex, male, recessive
274 66 274_spindle_sister_sister chromatids_chromatids [spindle, sister, sister chromatids, chromatids, mitotic, microtubules, opposite poles, anaphase, metaphase, metaphase plate, chromatid, poles, attached, plate, centromere, pulled, fibers, microtubule, opposite, attachment, line, fiber, firmly, light microscope, centrosome, ii, cohesin, breaks, chromosomes, chromosome, apart, mitosis, attaches, aligned, attach, apparatus, cleavage, aid, bind, extend, proteins, pull, midpoint, separate, poles cell, assessed, region figure, region called, engage, cytoskeletal] Sister chromatids spindle, sister, sister chromatids, chromatids, mitotic, microtubules, opposite poles, anaphase, metaphase, metaphase plate
275 65 275_membrane_resting membrane_membrane potential_outside cell [membrane, resting membrane, membrane potential, outside cell, gradient, resting, ions inside, inside cell, outside, inside, negatively charged, ions, inside outside, negatively, charged, cell membrane, diffuse, concentration gradient, cell, membranes, channels, charge, separation charge, potential, negative charge, drives, living cells, cell different, cell ions, cell concentration, positive charge, potential difference, concentrations, negative, membrane membrane, electric fields, higher concentration, positive, leakage, neuron, voltage, membrane cell, separation, difference, membrane figure, electrochemical gradient, ions cell, interior, semipermeable membrane, potassium] Membrane Potential membrane, resting membrane, membrane potential, outside cell, gradient, resting, ions inside, inside cell, outside, inside
276 65 276_seeds_germination_germinate_seed [seeds, germination, germinate, seed, oak, season, food reserves, lifecycle, reserves, years, climates, storage, lettuce, conditions, trees grow, arctic, global, soil, germinates, gravitropism, vegetative, survival, require, stone, disperse, months, figure 47, favorable, optimal, growth, plant species, development, temperate, complete, emerge, plants, trees, grow, furthermore, arabidopsis, equipped, squirrels, geographic range, conditions favorable, use source, plants growing, important factors, period, metabolic activity, plants reproduce] Germination seeds, germination, germinate, seed, oak, season, food reserves, lifecycle, reserves, years
277 65 277_algae_green algae_green_land plants [algae, green algae, green, land plants, red, land, multicellular, archaeplastida, plants, tomato, chlorophyll, plastid, brown, genera, red green, genome, kingdom, accessory, leaf like, caulerpa, freshwater, dartmouth, plantae, golden, unicellular, plankton, single cells, colonial, dna sequences, user, precursors, alga, algal, cell wall, grouped, colonies, sequences, classified, share, chloroplast, resemble, primarily, figure 23, carbohydrates, multicellular organisms, like, cyanobacteria, pigments, chloroplasts, analysis] Algae algae, green algae, green, land plants, red, land, multicellular, archaeplastida, plants, tomato
278 65 278_16_13 10_du_16 figure [16, 13 10, du, 16 figure, syndrome, 10 figure, figure shows, figure 13, age, individual, years, 13, shows, 12, 10, figure, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 16 Figure Syndrome 16, 13 10, du, 16 figure, syndrome, 10 figure, figure shows, figure 13, age, individual
279 65 279_torque_torques_hinges_counterclockwise [torque, torques, hinges, counterclockwise, clockwise, pivot, door, distance pivot, magnitude force, force acting, pivot point, bolt, force, sin, effectiveness, exerting, force case, direction point, point, force applied, turning, clockwise torque, magnitude, rotation, sides equation, force distance, acting, force exerts, point point, push, convention, directed, regarding, application, multiply, maximum, yielding, substitute, applied, distance, rotate, perpendicular, defined, angle, does exert, exerted, valid, applied object, force just, twisting] Hinge Torque torque, torques, hinges, counterclockwise, clockwise, pivot, door, distance pivot, magnitude force, force acting
280 64 280_pivot_pivot point_lever_lever arm [pivot, pivot point, lever, lever arm, door, perpendicular lever, arm, distance pivot, torque, input, torques, point, load, perpendicular, force applied, chosen, output, point point, supporting, clockwise, push, applied, mechanical advantage, hinges, force, handle, rotate, exerted, applied force, opens, point line, distances, shortest distance, zero, force shown, advantage, hands, opening, left hand, hand, distance, shortest, counterclockwise, line, slowly, rotated, simplified, effective, choice, acts] Pivot point pivot, pivot point, lever, lever arm, door, perpendicular lever, arm, distance pivot, torque, input
281 64 281_14 14_14__ [14 14, 14, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Sure, the label for this topic is "14". 14 14, 14, , , , , , , ,
282 64 282_doppler_shift_shifted_radar [doppler, shift, shifted, radar, observer, ultrasound, shifts, moving observer, source, motion source, reflector, frequency sound, sound, moving, frequency, effect, used measure, relativistic, relative motion, observer relativistic, storms, velocity, medical diagnostics, measure, storm, alteration, calculate velocity, observed, diagnostics, vehicles, motion, medical, technique, motorcycle, relative velocity, hear, used determine, velocities, speed, detect, moves, artery, relative, driving, commission, quite small, velocity small, em radiation, receive, directly proportional] Doppler Shift doppler, shift, shifted, radar, observer, ultrasound, shifts, moving observer, source, motion source
283 64 283_sensing_bacteria_colonize_bacterial [sensing, bacteria, colonize, bacterial, equipment, signaling, microbial, antibiotics, implants, infections, aureus, surfaces, textured, free floating, used control, matrix, antibiotic, fibrosis, grow, hour, plaque, resistant, stage, methods used, hospital, cell signaling, confer, processing, polysaccharides, dental, figure 22, medical, infection, statements, toxins, communities, interactions, growing, maturation, flask, floating, enables, single celled, destroy, prokaryotes, celled, modifications, attachment, division, ensure] Sensing sensing, bacteria, colonize, bacterial, equipment, signaling, microbial, antibiotics, implants, infections
284 64 284_inertia_moment inertia_moment_angular [inertia, moment inertia, moment, angular, angular momentum, torque, rotation, angular velocity, change angular, momentum, angular acceleration, direction torque, mass radius, axis, rotational, direction angular, point masses, rotational motion, moments, direction direction, angle angular, initial values, perpendicular length, direction, rod, mass object, fingers direction, velocity, acceleration, relative axis, acceleration angular, rotated, curl, explain effect, velocity angular, relationship, right hand, axis rotation, momentum direction, spun, radius, disk, perpendicular, mass, rotation angle, initial, child, thumb, analog, direction magnitude] Moment of inertia inertia, moment inertia, moment, angular, angular momentum, torque, rotation, angular velocity, change angular, momentum
285 64 285_31_explain answer_answer_explain [31, explain answer, answer, explain, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 31 31, explain answer, answer, explain, , , , , ,
286 64 286_17 17_17_flickr_credit [17 17, 17, flickr, credit, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 17 17 17, 17, flickr, credit, , , , , ,
287 64 287_rate heat_conduction_heat transfer_transfer [rate heat, conduction, heat transfer, transfer, heat, emissivity, rate, conductivity, temperature difference, thermal conductivity, convection, surface area, radiation, thickness, area, window, boltzmann, absolute temperature, temperature, heat transferred, transferred, boltzmann constant, wool, calculate, surface, roof, example 14, watts, specific heat, radiated, absolute, proportional, conductive, clothing, ceramic, difference, foot, thermal, percent increase, skin, material, temperature increase, assuming, solid phase, 14, time rate, inversely proportional, increase rate, inversely, net] Rate of Heat Transfer rate heat, conduction, heat transfer, transfer, heat, emissivity, rate, conductivity, temperature difference, thermal conductivity
288 63 288_statements_following statements_false_true [statements, following statements, false, true, following, statement, human eye, nondisjunction, correct, photoelectric effect, photoelectric, figure 24, figure 36, biomes, 24 following, note case, statement true, necessary change, 19 following, 30 34, 12 following, figure 35, 10 following, 21 10, ideal conditions, does result, phrase, 18 23, analogies, conditions, figure 28, figure 13, insects, nephron, figure, figure 27, 24, 36, divisions, errors, figure 41, 35, 13, eye, figure 39, word, figure 44, explanation, 28, einstein] Statement statements, following statements, false, true, following, statement, human eye, nondisjunction, correct, photoelectric effect
289 63 289_tropical_forests_wet_temperate [tropical, forests, wet, temperate, forest, annual, biome, grasses, desert, trees, figure 44, biomes, vegetation, 44, precipitation, ecosystems, dominated, variation, plants growing, ranges, rain, species diversity, disturbance, africa, lack, diversity, pronounced, north, dry, plant life, seasonal, south, months, northern, lightning, communities, growing, terrestrial, arctic, eventually, island, america, australia, sunlight, figure 46, dense, habitats, grow, plants, weather] Tropical forests tropical, forests, wet, temperate, forest, annual, biome, grasses, desert, trees
290 63 290_alternative_pre_mrna_pre mrna [alternative, pre, mrna, pre mrna, removed, rna, mrnas, pre mrnas, errors, sequences, 15 13, gene regulation, gene, alternatively, possible outcomes, mutations, 16 12, protein, single nucleotide, mechanism, human diseases, rna molecules, variant, molecules called, nonfunctional, poly, 1970s, rnas, processing, nucleotide, control, lead, outcomes, cancers, complexes, kinds, sequence, genes, coding, correspond, failure, prior, regulation, recognize, ultimately, removing, removal, figure 15, figure 16, different] Alternative mRNA alternative, pre, mrna, pre mrna, removed, rna, mrnas, pre mrnas, errors, sequences
291 63 291_viscosity_fluids_fluid_oil [viscosity, fluids, fluid, oil, shearing, shearing forces, syrup, pour, flow, liquids, viscous, motor, viscosities, shear, freely, resistance flow, honey, slowly, terminal speed, sideways, juice, 10 15, liquid, falls, definition, statics, flows, laminar, measure, zero, dynamics, narrow tube, fluid raised, geometrical, greater, flow fluid, small volume, use calculate, sticks, law describes, govern, greater force, law calculate, volume fluid, stationary, suppressed, help maintain, magnitude greater, essential life, ball] Viscosity viscosity, fluids, fluid, oil, shearing, shearing forces, syrup, pour, flow, liquids
292 63 292_macrophages_white blood_blood cells_white [macrophages, white blood, blood cells, white, pathogens, immune, inflammatory, lymphocytes, blood, invading, immune response, bacteria viruses, response, foreign, inflammatory response, inflammation, cells, bacteria, cells blood, cells body, infection, blood cell, phagocytosis, granules, approximately percent, red blood, cells different, cells immune, cells involved, foreign particles, figure 42, swelling, engulfs, 000, engulfed, involved, 42, injury, bone marrow, clean, marrow, remove, 800, bloodstream, cytoplasm, viruses, defense, peripheral, digest, damaged] Macrophages macrophages, white blood, blood cells, white, pathogens, immune, inflammatory, lymphocytes, blood, invading
293 63 293_total work_path_area_cyclical [total work, path, area, cyclical, work, curve, net work, work output, inside, closed loop, equals, loop, cd, figure 15, closed, total, calculate work, diagram, work force, force work, output, net, ab, strip, negative negative, abc, depends path, work equals, calculate total, interval, work input, 15, diagrams, diagram figure, negative, work work, strips, going, change volume, graph, multiplied, process, greater, curves, multiplied distance, anticipated, process represented, return, 12 following, negative meaning] Cycle total work, path, area, cyclical, work, curve, net work, work output, inside, closed loop
294 63 294_sweat_cold_evaporation_pack [sweat, cold, evaporation, pack, skin, ammonium nitrate, body temperature, ammonium, sweating, clothing, cool, instant, endothermic process, nitrate, evaporate, evaporation water, bag, body, hot, endothermic, feel, heat, cooling, days, dry, ammonium chloride, detect, heat exchange, thermal energy, removes, stressed, involuntary, humid, evaporating, energy body, humidity, heat vaporization, vaporization, endings, warm, thermal, hotter, sensation, cools, bulbs, climates, comes, people, cooled, water] Evaporation sweat, cold, evaporation, pack, skin, ammonium nitrate, body temperature, ammonium, sweating, clothing
295 62 295_relativistic_relativistic momentum_momentum_low velocities [relativistic, relativistic momentum, momentum, low velocities, classical, kinetic energy, approaches, velocities, kinetic, infinity, rest energy, total energy, conserved, 28, energy, energy obtained, low, speed light, factor, momentum conserved, momentum energy, rest, classically, inertial frames, energy conserved, velocity object, energy does, conservation, definitions, energy theorem, interesting, frames, relative observer, altered, compute, possibility, inertial, theorem, multiplied, extremely, valid, particles having, mass momentum, new insights, expression, work energy, energy car, intentionally, conservation energy, entering expression] Relativistic Momentum relativistic, relativistic momentum, momentum, low velocities, classical, kinetic energy, approaches, velocities, kinetic, infinity
296 62 296_34_grams__ [34, grams, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 34 grams 34, grams, , , , , , , ,
297 62 297_nadh_cytochrome_chain_transport [nadh, cytochrome, chain, transport, aerobic respiration, oxidized, electron acceptor, reduced, electron, complex, carriers, respiration, acceptor, aerobic, atp, energy electrons, electrons, high energy, reduced form, produce atp, nadph, receives, complexes, pathway, living systems, captures, atp production, delivers, carrier, molecule, oxygen, picked, organic molecule, oxidative, steps, phosphorylation, oxygen molecule, reduce, composed, cyanide, psi, gtp, cellular respiration, component, inhibits, iv, derived, vitamin, mitochondrial, embedded] Cytochrome Chain nadh, cytochrome, chain, transport, aerobic respiration, oxidized, electron acceptor, reduced, electron, complex
298 62 298_immune_innate_immune response_adaptive [immune, innate, immune response, adaptive, pathogen, memory, adaptive immune, response, mucosal, immunity, pathogens, tolerance, immune responses, infection, responses, 42, effector, differentiate, defenses, host, antigens, systemic, harmless, insufficient, oral, protection, antigen, inappropriate, cleared, immune systems, mammalian, unnecessary, cells, persist, cell damage, cells differentiate, specific, autoimmune, attacks, targets, rapid, apcs, host cells, efficient, inflammation, pharynx, responds, exposed, complement, harmful] Immune Response immune, innate, immune response, adaptive, pathogen, memory, adaptive immune, response, mucosal, immunity
299 62 299_dark_universe_matter_closure [dark, universe, matter, closure, expansion, hubble, galactic, existence, forever, normal matter, luminous, galaxies, open closed, indirectly, critical, halt, curved, stop, open, needed, massive, density, closed, flat, recent, universal, expand, feel, constant, account, 34, credit nasa, approximate, implications, possibility, imply, age, unknown, theoretical, negatively, big, positively, normal, non, curvature, corresponds, nasa, idea, objects called, chargeless] Dark matter dark, universe, matter, closure, expansion, hubble, galactic, existence, forever, normal matter
300 62 300_10 10_10__ [10 10, 10, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Sure, the label for this topic is "10 10". 10 10, 10, , , , , , , ,
301 62 301_33___ [33, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 33 33, , , , , , , , ,
302 62 302_elementary_overall reaction_elementary reactions_reaction [elementary, overall reaction, elementary reactions, reaction, elementary reaction, reactants, reactant species, reactant, chemical reaction, overall, chemical equation, mechanism, reaction occurs, reaction overall, reaction mechanisms, product, reaction mechanism, left right, chemical, step, reactions, steps, low temperatures, products, equation represents, 12 reaction, reactant product, single step, collide, orientation, reaction products, proceeding, substances, reactants products, left, consumed, reacting, adequate, right, reactions occur, colliding, reaction reaction, formulas, typically, mechanisms, arrow, equation, collision, cases, temperatures] Elementary Reactions elementary, overall reaction, elementary reactions, reaction, elementary reaction, reactants, reactant species, reactant, chemical reaction, overall
303 61 303_silk_rod_van graaff_graaff [silk, rod, van graaff, graaff, positively charged, charged, positively, van, amber, generator, glass, positive charge, sphere, charges, charge, positive, negative charge, leaving, repel, brought, cloth, negative, rubbing, spheres, neutral, net, attracted, transfer charge, negative charges, 18 11, negatively charged, hair, net charge, similarly, positive negative, negatively, removed, near, touching, excess, separated, like charges, figure 18, pulled, positive charges, contact, objects, pieces, transferred, rods] Van Graaff Generator silk, rod, van graaff, graaff, positively charged, charged, positively, van, amber, generator
304 61 304_junction_rules_rule_currents [junction, rules, rule, currents, loop rule, circuit, loop, applying, used analyze, sum, circuits, analyze, 21, series parallel, figure 21, closed loop, conservation laws, circuit figure, algebraic, example 21, application, simple complex, conservation, 21 45, closed, conventions, analysis, simpler, new information, flowing, equal sum, apply, equation example, substituting values, decide, solve unknown, laws, series, going, second, parallel, potential, signs, complicated, changes, zero, does appear, special cases, total voltage, verify] Junction junction, rules, rule, currents, loop rule, circuit, loop, applying, used analyze, sum
305 61 305_rods_cones_retina_bipolar [rods, cones, retina, bipolar, ear, sensory, retinal, transduction, vision, olfactory, middle ear, receptor, neuron, figure 36, receptors, middle, eye, sense, neural, cone, 36, light, peripheral, shades, light enters, vestibular, responds, images, detect, auditory, periphery, focus, outer, receives, inner, rod, signal, sound waves, dim, visual, nerve, denser, cells, defect, signals, taste, color, touch, edges, low light] Retina rods, cones, retina, bipolar, ear, sensory, retinal, transduction, vision, olfactory
306 61 306_86_89_87_91 [86, 89, 87, 91, 88, 90, ne, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] The label for this topic is "Ages". It refers to the numerical values 86, 86, 89, 87, 91, 88, 90, ne, , ,
307 61 307_13_large large_large_ [13, large large, large, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Sure, the label for this topic is "Large". 13, large large, large, , , , , , ,
308 61 308_train_journey_trains_example example [train, journey, trains, example example, commuter, decelerates, track, station, plus sign, starts rest, acceleration, wheels, velocity, starts, moving direction, left, exert, accelerates, figure 18, linear velocity, accelerate, sign, beginning, force friction, plus, rest, revolutions, stop, fairly, position, slowly, reasonable, distance, slows, average speed, negative, dc, moving, average velocity, distance traveled, solution distance, decelerates rate, 18, backward, velocity increases, streamlined, solution average, taking square, distance speed, fairly large] Train journey train, journey, trains, example example, commuter, decelerates, track, station, plus sign, starts rest
309 61 309_recoil_shell_gun_barrel [recoil, shell, gun, barrel, fired, air resistance, shoulder, bullet, explosion, cannon, kg, plunger, highest point, explode, fires, arrives, launch, negligible, velocity, ship, trajectory, display, squid, horizontal, highest, resistance negligible, loosely, accelerated, angle horizontal, professional application, sound, away, professional, hear, opposing, resistance, flash, pieces, initial, figure 36, horizontally, fuse, initial velocity, large distance, recoils, movement figure, mounted, air, fragments, projectile] Recoil recoil, shell, gun, barrel, fired, air resistance, shoulder, bullet, explosion, cannon
310 61 310_sporophyte_gametophyte_life cycle_sporangia [sporophyte, gametophyte, life cycle, sporangia, alternation generations, alternation, stage, fern, generations, cycle, dominant, life, pine, vascular plants, stage life, free living, bryophytes, mature, conspicuous, underside, cone, plants, ferns, 2n, seed plants, mosses, club, sporophytes, gametophytes, zanker credit, vascular, generation, seedless, like structures, work cory, cones, diploid, structures called, arranged, phase, cory, lifecycle, cory zanker, zanker, moss, dominated, conifers, leaves, seed, longest] Life cycle sporophyte, gametophyte, life cycle, sporangia, alternation generations, alternation, stage, fern, generations, cycle
311 60 311_plates_conducting_plate_electric field [plates, conducting, plate, electric field, field strength, strength, potential difference, electric, separated, 00 cm, parallel, voltage, uniform, field, separation, uniform electric, cm, opposite charges, potential, difference, field parallel, given maximum, charges, field uniform, applied voltage, force charge, charge, uniformly, 00, values gives, volts, close, maximum, electric potential, applied, crucial, opposite, closest, close figure, calculated directly, air given, figure 19, 19, metal, note units, expression, 30 years, rolled, strength needed, note equation] Electric field strength plates, conducting, plate, electric field, field strength, strength, potential difference, electric, separated, 00 cm
312 60 312_pair geometry_geometry_electron pair_molecular structure [pair geometry, geometry, electron pair, molecular structure, pair, trigonal, bipyramidal, central atom, trigonal bipyramidal, lone, bond, trigonal planar, molecular, tetrahedral, electron, central, structure, planar, equatorial, lone pair, structure following, pairs, covalent bond, positions, lone pairs, angles, electron density, atom, bond angles, regions, pyramidal, axial, bonding, predict, regions electron, lewis, molecule, shared atoms, regions high, bond covalent, covalent, high electron, electrons shared, valence, following molecules, lewis structures, repulsion, octahedral, atom central, pairs electrons] Pair Geometry pair geometry, geometry, electron pair, molecular structure, pair, trigonal, bipyramidal, central atom, trigonal bipyramidal, lone
313 60 313_heads_tails_orderly_coin [heads, tails, orderly, coin, 100, macrostate, penny, possibilities, 50, chance, microstates, likely, change entropy, table 15, probable, 60, tail, outcome, quarter, 51, 49, ways, getting, 40, structured, start, reverse, entropy, number microstates, subscript, arrangement, cup, die, total number, coming, equally, array, 75, time likely, roughly equal, head, calculate probability, 45, random, 55, calls, 30 32, possible outcomes, 15 entropy, rate long] Heads or Tails heads, tails, orderly, coin, 100, macrostate, penny, possibilities, 50, chance
314 60 314_octet_electrons_valence_central atom [octet, electrons, valence, central atom, distribute, rule, electronegative, valence electrons, central, atom, remaining, satisfy, multiple bonds, shell, form covalent, valence shell, hcch, atoms form, bonds central, electronegative atom, bonds, lone, lone pairs, rearrange, hcn, covalent bonds, atoms, terminal, electrons valence, seven, chlorine, electron, odd, obtain, covalent, number electrons, unpaired electrons, occupies, correct number, pairs, outer, accepting, unpaired, atoms hydrogen, outermost, electrons form, atoms electrons, electron configuration, outer shell, bonds atoms] Valence octet, electrons, valence, central atom, distribute, rule, electronegative, valence electrons, central, atom
315 60 315_diffusion_concentration gradient_diffusion rate_gradient [diffusion, concentration gradient, diffusion rate, gradient, concentration, rate, factors affect, rates, molar mass, movement, low concentration, substance, high concentration, evenly, medium, concentration low, molecular motion, transport, affect rate, molar, diffusing, net, average distance, affect, substances, diffuse, random, proportional, process, passive, diffuses, slow, factors, slower, air given, constant determined, slow process, molecular size, rate decreases, mass relative, area available, 12 molecular, transport process, gradient membrane, coloring, increasing concentration, important concept, membrane surface, distance, area] Diffusion diffusion, concentration gradient, diffusion rate, gradient, concentration, rate, factors affect, rates, molar mass, movement
316 60 316_yes td_yes_organelles_plant cells [yes td, yes, organelles, plant cells, cell wall, organelle, animal cells, vacuole, cell, plant cell, wall, plant, cytoskeleton, cell walls, cells plant, vacuoles, ribosomes, cells cell, endoplasmic reticulum, endoplasmic, cells, reticulum, membrane, structural support, provides structural, plasma membrane, animal, cytoplasm, cellular, membrane bound, chloroplasts, walls, cell membrane, lysosomes, plasma, structural, lipids, vesicles, central, cytosol, provides, rigidity, storage, cell cell, nucleolus, shape, functions, eukaryotic, nucleus, plural] Cell yes td, yes, organelles, plant cells, cell wall, organelle, animal cells, vacuole, cell, plant cell
317 60 317_exoskeleton_cuticle_arthropods_endoskeleton [exoskeleton, cuticle, arthropods, endoskeleton, shed, periodically, muscles, tough, hard, arthropod, polysaccharide, skeleton, covering, crustaceans, crab, ecdysozoa, internal organs, flexible, grow, outer, attachment, attached, body surface, calcium carbonate, protective, crabs, protects, insects, figure 38, protect, water loss, movement, old, strip, growth, actual, support, covers, enables, carbonate, animals, physiological, composed, internal, calcium, external, animal, organism, predators, grows] Arthropod exoskeleton exoskeleton, cuticle, arthropods, endoskeleton, shed, periodically, muscles, tough, hard, arthropod
318 60 318_rutherford_alpha_foil_gold [rutherford, alpha, foil, gold, particles, alpha particle, deflected, positively charged, positively, nucleus, scattering, experiment, charged, crash, ernest, scatter, helium, massive, nuclei, radioactive, hit, experiments, particle, magnetic electric, rays originate, fired, size nucleus, traces, scattered, radioactive decay, fast moving, colleagues, incredible, firing, high speed, beam, becquerel, occasionally, radium, nuclear radiation, protons, passed, small, glow, piece, went, head, rays, size, evidence] Rtherford rutherford, alpha, foil, gold, particles, alpha particle, deflected, positively charged, positively, nucleus
319 60 319_balloon_balloons_hot air_helium [balloon, balloons, hot air, helium, filled, original volume, air, volume, hot, greater equal, flight, mount, atm, buoyant, torr, let, pressure, temperature pressure, lifting, connections home, effort, refrigerator, volume temperature, opening, original, valve, sea level, hydrogen gas, pressure volume, home experiment, buoyant force, cool, making connections, gauge pressure, 745, contains specific, ground level, rafts, gas, partial pressure, hours, inside, upward, just barely, 09, shrink, direction change, cold, progresses, average temperature] Balloon balloon, balloons, hot air, helium, filled, original volume, air, volume, hot, greater equal
320 60 320_evolution_darwin_theory evolution_convergent [evolution, darwin, theory evolution, convergent, natural selection, charles darwin, evolve, theory, selection, book, convergent evolution, charles, divergent, independently, natural, evolutionary, understanding, biologists, wrote, multiple species, species, publication, came, origin, evolving, nineteenth century, nineteenth, adaptations, traits, common, mechanism, society, share, published, enormous, presented, concept, common ancestor, statement, similar, organisms, word, understand, diverse, difficult, early nineteenth, parallels, interpreting, think terms, biology] Evolution evolution, darwin, theory evolution, convergent, natural selection, charles darwin, evolve, theory, selection, book
321 59 321_velocity electron_electron_accelerated_kinetic energy [velocity electron, electron, accelerated, kinetic energy, electron kinetic, energy electron, kinetic, proton, velocity, rest, momentum, relativistic, electron electron, van graaff, compares, graaff, energy ev, ev, calculate, electron having, accelerated rest, gev, mass electron, energy calculate, speed, calculate velocity, accelerating, van, final speed, electrical potential, angular momentum, rest energy, revolutions, rest mass, calculate energy, energy given, calculate magnitude, broglie, lost, radius, potential, classical, radius curvature, energy, angular, obtained, orbit, mev, having, point calculate] Electron Velocity velocity electron, electron, accelerated, kinetic energy, electron kinetic, energy electron, kinetic, proton, velocity, rest
322 59 322_capacitor_capacitors_capacitance_stored [capacitor, capacitors, capacitance, stored, energy stored, charge stored, store, charge voltage, voltage applied, applied capacitor, physical characteristics, charge, voltage, 19, applied, given charge, dielectric, figure 19, applied voltage, charge charge, device used, voltage capacitor, electrical potential, inserted, storing, major, device, circuit, characteristics, factors, connected, needed, size figure, circumstance, 19 22, used variety, able list, true general, large charge, pf, depends, different amounts, reversing, physical, does energy, voltage voltage, capacitor voltage, size, 14 shows, expresses] Capacitance capacitor, capacitors, capacitance, stored, energy stored, charge stored, store, charge voltage, voltage applied, applied capacitor
323 59 323_meters_meters second_seconds_inches [meters, meters second, seconds, inches, convert, meter, kilometers, need convert, kilometer, feet, units, second, unit time, si, mile, centimeters, unit, si unit, need, si units, hours, miles, distances, squared, equals, arithmetic, convert units, foot, ft, conversion, equator, north pole, abbreviated, time, conversion factor, km, reported, assume, football, construction, want, cancel, convenient unit, measured terms, number unit, yield number, note units, literally means, time equation, customary] Time Measurement meters, meters second, seconds, inches, convert, meter, kilometers, need convert, kilometer, feet
324 59 324_63_76_67_ [63, 76, 67, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Sure, the topic is about the numbers 63, 76, and 67 63, 76, 67, , , , , , ,
325 59 325_connection questions_visual connection_visual_questions [connection questions, visual connection, visual, questions, connection, 74, septum, chordate, connection figure, events, features, figure 29, evolutionary, 29, produce, figure, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Connection questions connection questions, visual connection, visual, questions, connection, 74, septum, chordate, connection figure, events
326 59 326_elevator_scale_upward_bathroom scale [elevator, scale, upward, bathroom scale, bathroom, weight, reading, person, downward, accelerating, accelerates, beam light, load, stationary, upward force, equal weight, read, accelerated, weightless, constant speed, greater weight, 23 shows, passengers, forces acting, acting, beam, free fall, constant velocity, lb, rest, cable, standing, equal, force equal, floor, equal magnitude, stands, pushing, man, gives discussion, strikes, tell, moves, gravity, final velocity, effects gravity, cruising, rest rate, reach velocity, shows effect] Upward elevator, scale, upward, bathroom scale, bathroom, weight, reading, person, downward, accelerating
327 58 327_stomata_transpiration_leaf_guard [stomata, transpiration, leaf, guard, stoma, closing, openings, water vapor, opening, draws, water loss, exchange, loss water, vapor, open, gas exchange, water, surround, close, enters, increasing rate, hot dry, allow, root hairs, atmosphere, loss, figure 30, underside, water balance, water enters, lost, external environment, oxygen water, uptake, mesophyll, exits, regulating, hairs, singular, regulate, conserve, spaces, reducing, pores, carbon dioxide, leaves, dioxide, roles, evaporation, gases] Stoma stomata, transpiration, leaf, guard, stoma, closing, openings, water vapor, opening, draws
328 57 328_hydroxides_salts_sodium hydroxide_oxides [hydroxides, salts, sodium hydroxide, oxides, prepare, sodium, hydroxide, metals, react acids, used prepare, soluble, react, possible prepare, alkali, oxide, solutions, metal, insoluble, chlorine, sodium chloride, chloride, electrolysis, acids, scandium, representative metals, carbonates, metals group, aqueous, reactions, metal ions, alkali metals, salt, representative, cobalt, oxides hydroxides, form solution, react form, electrochemical, examples, accepting, form, acids form, metal oxides, chlorides, aluminum oxide, solution sodium, chemicals, respective, dissolved, strong base] Hydroxide hydroxides, salts, sodium hydroxide, oxides, prepare, sodium, hydroxide, metals, react acids, used prepare
329 57 329_cell type_multicellular_cells_living cells [cell type, multicellular, cells, living cells, living, cell, organisms, cells arise, trillions, necessity, cell types, celled, new cells, multicellular organism, cell structure, basic unit, cell divisions, cells specialized, living cell, individual cells, single cells, single cell, light microscope, transform, building blocks, structure function, divisions, organism, building, existing, vital, unified, inside cell, multicellular organisms, single celled, microscope, communication, arise, communicate, basic, comprise, viewed, diverse, complex, early life, order produce, cell smallest, function cells, living things, blocks] Cells cell type, multicellular, cells, living cells, living, cell, organisms, cells arise, trillions, necessity
330 57 330_ultrasound_ultrasonic_medical_fetus [ultrasound, ultrasonic, medical, fetus, imaging, intensities, cancerous, figure 17, deep, applications, medical diagnostics, therapy, employs, skin, abdominal, 17, journey, diagnostics, image, medical imaging, tumors, tissue, reveal, reflects, gel, used, commonly used, intensity, sound, practice, industrial, frequency, wavelength, like wave, device measuring, medicine, speed sound, used treatment, injured, industrial applications, frequencies range, db, frequencies, damage caused, couples, overheating, range, health, used medicine, diagnoses] Ultrasound ultrasound, ultrasonic, medical, fetus, imaging, intensities, cancerous, figure 17, deep, applications
331 57 331_asexual_asexual reproduction_reproduction_asexually [asexual, asexual reproduction, reproduction, asexually, sexual reproduction, sexual, genetically identical, artificial, genetically, offspring, fragmentation, reproducing, sexually, methods, reproduce asexually, parent, advantage, produce offspring, reproduce, budding, identical parent, advantages, parent plant, disadvantages, individual, identical, thallus, natural, animal species, mutations, propagate, benefits, new, agents, plants, produces, evolutionary, sea, rosendahl, work rosendahl, produced single, 32, plant, evolutionary advantages, following compare, plants credit, response environmental, sequence called, plants reproduce, takes advantage] Asexual Reproduction asexual, asexual reproduction, reproduction, asexually, sexual reproduction, sexual, genetically identical, artificial, genetically, offspring
332 57 332_thyroid_thyroid gland_iodine_gland [thyroid, thyroid gland, iodine, gland, thyroid hormones, follicle, colloid, figure 37, condition, hormones, diet, glands, actively transported, neck, iodine 131, contains atoms, 37, hormone, thyroxine, posterior, gland located, synthesize, condition called, 131, glycoprotein, cancerous, insufficient, lead, concentrate, metabolic rate, actively, iodide, lobes, essential, located, cells associated, excess heat, exposes, transported, inadequate, intellectual, approximately 30, concentrates, times higher, cancerous cells, aggressive, relatively long, cells resulting, leading, levels blood] Thyroid thyroid, thyroid gland, iodine, gland, thyroid hormones, follicle, colloid, figure 37, condition, hormones
333 57 333_fiber_fibers_optical_bundle [fiber, fibers, optical, bundle, total internal, optics, transmitted, internal reflection, index, refraction, transmission, figure 25, reflected, reflection, light, index refraction, used explore, prevents, used transmit, telephone, light entering, messages, refractive, crown glass, glass, light ray, totally, crown, internal, 25, minor, core, tiny, lenses, strike, angles, focused, property, transmit, corners, plastic, entering, angle, image, illuminate, minimizing, signals, 54, revolutionized, undesirable] Optical Bundle fiber, fibers, optical, bundle, total internal, optics, transmitted, internal reflection, index, refraction
334 57 334_meiosis_mitosis_division_meiotic [meiosis, mitosis, division, meiotic, haploid, ii, haploid cells, daughter, prophase, daughter cells, chromosomes, diploid, crossover, divisions, interphase, ploidy, chromatids, daughter nuclei, homologous chromosomes, homologous, events, stages, rounds, sexual reproduction, cells resulting, genetically, reduction, sexual, cell division, parent, number chromosomes, cells, nuclei, multicellular, round, resulting, gametes, sister, chromosome, produces gametes, cells nuclei, life cycle, reproduction, produced meiosis, distinct, differences, cellular processes, multicellular organism, sister chromatids, cells produced] Meiosis meiosis, mitosis, division, meiotic, haploid, ii, haploid cells, daughter, prophase, daughter cells
335 57 335_vapor pressure_vapor_pressure water_pressure [vapor pressure, vapor, pressure water, pressure, water vapor, liquid, liquid vapor, container, solvent, closed container, solvent molecules, pressure exerted, pressure solution, nonvolatile, equilibrium vapor, gas phase, lowering, vaporization, temperature vapor, equilibrium, pressure liquid, partial, pressure gas, mole fraction, kpa, liquid solid, solution containing, partial pressure, pressure vapor, phase, pure, ideal solution, closed, law calculate, temperature, pure water, solution assuming, pressure equal, equilibrium reached, 10 24, exerted, condensation, solution, boiling, equilibrium established, pressure temperature, torr, evaporation, substance, gas] Vapor Pressure vapor pressure, vapor, pressure water, pressure, water vapor, liquid, liquid vapor, container, solvent, closed container
336 57 336_30_explain answer_answer_explain [30, explain answer, answer, explain, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 30 30, explain answer, answer, explain, , , , , ,
337 57 337_carbon cycle_carbon_atmosphere_carbon dioxide [carbon cycle, carbon, atmosphere, carbon dioxide, dioxide atmosphere, dioxide, methane, sediments, producers, land, carbon compounds, organic, cycle, living organisms, decomposers, consumers, organic compounds, returned, ocean, land plants, reservoir, anoxic, oceans, acidification, living, terrestrial, plants, respiration, autotrophs, coal, dealing, dioxide gas, form carbon, organisms, dead, fossil fuels, compounds, decomposition, available, emissions, carbon carbon, natural gas, rock, oxidize, underground, incorporated, prokaryotes, rocks, release, fuels] Carbon Cycle carbon cycle, carbon, atmosphere, carbon dioxide, dioxide atmosphere, dioxide, methane, sediments, producers, land
338 56 338_amphibians_snakes_salamanders_feather [amphibians, snakes, salamanders, feather, clade, limbs, fish, frogs, amphibian, lizards, mammal, reptiles, chordates, 29, gland, cranium, figure 29, genus, temporal, tail, notochord, jaw, hollow nerve, mammals, dorsal hollow, vertebrata, earliest, hollow, belongs, dorsal, anal, body plan, nerve cord, pharyngeal, fishes, organ, plan, access, bird, birds, adult, oldest known, reptiles birds, extant, possession, biology 2e, multimedia, multimedia content, access multimedia, books biology] Amphibians amphibians, snakes, salamanders, feather, clade, limbs, fish, frogs, amphibian, lizards
339 56 339_expansion_thermal expansion_thermal_coefficient [expansion, thermal expansion, thermal, coefficient, expand, change temperature, volume expansion, stress, change length, linear, solids liquids, plug, temperature, temperature increases, hole, stresses, increasing temperature, solids, change, temperature changes, expanding, dimensions, change volume, liquids, thermal equilibrium, temperature thermal, slightly larger, volume change, 13, slightly, coefficients, constrained, length, temperature change, orders magnitude, glass, figure 13, bridges, bigger, given initial, stress strain, volume, contraction, varies, expands, contract, orders, area, increases, changes change] Expansion expansion, thermal expansion, thermal, coefficient, expand, change temperature, volume expansion, stress, change length, linear
340 56 340_diploid_haploid_polyploidy_gametes [diploid, haploid, polyploidy, gametes, haploid gametes, haploid cells, produce haploid, meiosis, diploid cells, body forms, multicellular, reproducing, life cycles, alternation generations, alternation, number chromosome, unite, chromosome sets, sexually, form multicellular, robust, diploid organisms, copies, diploid cell, cells produced, egg sperm, generations, animals, error, fertilization, zygote, meiotic, sperm, egg, life cycle, cycles, copy, viable, life, reproductive, organisms, gamete, different species, unicellular, germ, offspring, forms, dominant, genetically, sets] Haploidization diploid, haploid, polyploidy, gametes, haploid gametes, haploid cells, produce haploid, meiosis, diploid cells, body forms
341 56 341_mercury_mercury ii_cadmium_toxic [mercury, mercury ii, cadmium, toxic, metals, ii oxide, safe, alkali metals, expose, stream, oxide, poisonous, alkali, ii, dental, compounds contain, fish, decomposes, hg, fatal, consume, compounds, metal, elemental, children, diatomic, low, exhibits, containing ion, used industry, reviewing, billion, credit sahar, oxidation state, low cost, epa, easier, health, corrosive, eighteenth, species bacteria, compounds known, parts million, longevity, used large, mean say, low concentrations, environmental protection, heated, weight] Toxic Metals mercury, mercury ii, cadmium, toxic, metals, ii oxide, safe, alkali metals, expose, stream
342 56 342_resistance_resistivity_resistance resistance_resistances [resistance, resistivity, resistance resistance, resistances, total resistance, resistance resistivity, path, material, resistant, resistor, shape, smallest, sectional area, cross sectional, sectional, internal resistance, example current, depend path, greater resistance, resulting increase, doing, resistance greater, resistor circuit, physics lab, posed, person holding, readout, shape size, person, constant process, correct number, effective resistance, object depends, earth figure, value, resistance flow, composed, representative values, cylinder, assuming constant, person body, total, significant digits, ns, constriction, 20 10, asks, quick, rectangular, shoes] Resistance resistance, resistivity, resistance resistance, resistances, total resistance, resistance resistivity, path, material, resistant, resistor
343 56 343_china_economic_countries_resources [china, economic, countries, resources, energy consumption, world, energy resources, energy needs, india, sources, energy use, consumption, energy sources, needs, meet, oil, coal, gdp, solar, transportation, united states, energy, united, especially, states energy, cities, global, growing, dominate, 2006, commercial, consumer, estimates, percentage, dominated, largest, use energy, growth, mix, natural gas, contributions, wind, states, biomass, use, australia, source, consequences, fuels, wood] China's Economic Resources china, economic, countries, resources, energy consumption, world, energy resources, energy needs, india, sources
344 56 344_22 23_19 20_23 24_18 19 [22 23, 19 20, 23 24, 18 19, 23, 19, 30, 20, 30 18, 21 26, 23 21, 21 30, 23 28, 19 22, 28, 23 20, 19 30, 20 24, 21 23, 19 21, 21, 18 20, 27, 18, 24, 22, 18 18, 26, 29, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] **22, 23, 2 22 23, 19 20, 23 24, 18 19, 23, 19, 30, 20, 30 18, 21 26
345 56 345_forces_force field_concept_forces discussed [forces, force field, concept, forces discussed, force, surrounds, object distance, experience, tension, basic forces, field, discussed section, field field, carries, basic, real, discussed, object, fifth, large distances, distances, relative strengths, forces act, electromagnetic, standards, electromagnetic force, electric charge, macroscopic, table 33, examples, thrust, gravitational, lift, mapping, motions, apparent, act, distance, directly, gravity, names, pull, rope, strengths, forces vary, unanswered, capable producing, fundamental, precision, manifest] Forces forces, force field, concept, forces discussed, force, surrounds, object distance, experience, tension, basic forces
346 56 346_gel_fragments_dna_nucleic [gel, fragments, dna, nucleic, southern, dna fragments, nucleic acid, genomic dna, northern, nylon, genomic, nucleic acids, extraction, sequences, electrode, fluorescent, dna rna, scientists, restriction, probe, basis, dna sequence, figure 17, sequence, run, detect presence, dna dna, detect, stained, size, scientists use, cut, molecular cloning, separate, uv light, dna sequences, researchers use, read, rice, rna, loaded, dye, separated, extract, technique, dyes, institute, specific, fragment, bands] DNA fragments gel, fragments, dna, nucleic, southern, dna fragments, nucleic acid, genomic dna, northern, nylon
347 56 347_differ_structured_similar_radii [differ, structured, similar, radii, difference, account, exotic, differences, particles having, ways, explain reason, involuntarily, definitely, notably, presence absence, striations, explain happens, better understanding, share, broad range, distinct, different, systematics, explain difference, quite different, sure, outcomes, location, bands, notochord, adults, similarities, attempt, rigid, frequently, behave, circumstances, rare, distinguish, broad, strengths, words, absence, greatly, massive, unstable, generate, notice, phenomena, corresponding] Differences differ, structured, similar, radii, difference, account, exotic, differences, particles having, ways
348 56 348_hybridization_central atom_central_atom [hybridization, central atom, central, atom, nitrogen atom, carbon atom, hybridized, atom central, carbon atoms, lone, nitrogen, carbon, electron density, regions electron, sp, atoms, following compounds, atom surrounded, exhibit, delocalized, geometry, oxygen nitrogen, selenium, lone pairs, amine, molecular geometry, following molecules, regions, ammonium ion, requested, following, xenon, pairs electrons, exercise, lone pair, urea, identify, trigonal, ammonium, explain observed, valence, molecule example, form atoms, clno, surrounded, atoms lone, sulfur, cl, ions contain, compounds ions] Hybridization hybridization, central atom, central, atom, nitrogen atom, carbon atom, hybridized, atom central, carbon atoms, lone
349 56 349_36_explain__ [36, explain, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 36 36, explain, , , , , , , ,
350 55 350_collagen_connective_fibers_connective tissue [collagen, connective, fibers, connective tissue, matrix, calcium, bones, tissue, fibrous, tissues, loose, mineral, calcium phosphate, figure 33, salts, hypothesis, elastic, calcification, stain, 33, test hypothesis, test, nonliving, inorganic, fiber, adequate, living cells, bone, regarding, placing, connect, organic, prediction, secrete, strands, material, seven days, kidney stones, organic substances, fibrous protein, phosphate, vessel, protein, minerals, place figure, effect does, contains large, whichever, substance called, weakness] Collagen collagen, connective, fibers, connective tissue, matrix, calcium, bones, tissue, fibrous, tissues
351 55 351_redox_oxidation reduction_redox reactions_oxidation [redox, oxidation reduction, redox reactions, oxidation, reduction, oxidant, redox reaction, reactions, oxidation number, reaction, previous exercise, reactions involve, half reaction, oxidation numbers, reactions involving, oxidized, active metal, chemistry, process involves, previous, electron atom, unchanged, identify, review, elements, identified, half reactions, involve, exercise, entry, involving, half, class, topic, reactant, definition, compound, proceed, number defined, scope chapter, element oxygen, text chapter, equations, reduced, electrode, combustion reactions, involves transfer, electron molecule, lose, used chemical] Redox redox, oxidation reduction, redox reactions, oxidation, reduction, oxidant, redox reaction, reactions, oxidation number, reaction
352 55 352_aorta_artery_flow_flow rate [aorta, artery, flow, flow rate, blood flow, capillaries, plaque, blood, vessel, radius, pressure difference, diameter, blood velocity, capillary, rate, constriction, sectional area, arteries, cross sectional, sectional, blood vessel, laminar, factor, reduced, deposits, slower, turbulence, example 12, speed, average, average speed, narrower, 12 calculating, beds, increase blood, calculate number, circulatory, decrease, meters, radii, min, increased, cross, seconds, assuming, average velocity, branches, decreased, velocity, adjustments] Flow aorta, artery, flow, flow rate, blood flow, capillaries, plaque, blood, vessel, radius
353 55 353_power_dissipated_power supplied_power output [power, dissipated, power supplied, power output, output, average power, strategy solution, calculate power, mw, example 23, power input, transmission lines, supplied, transmission, factor, power voltage, losses, load, output current, transmit, voltage, 23 12, input, line, needed, expressions, values gives, 100, motor, current, cos, gives discussion, strategy, average, lines, derivation, easiest way, ratio new, use source, solution average, proven, way calculate, rate watts, cos cos, solution total, small value, commons example, energy strategy, old, angle given] Power power, dissipated, power supplied, power output, output, average power, strategy solution, calculate power, mw, example 23
354 55 354_colloidal_colloids_dispersed_colloid [colloidal, colloids, dispersed, colloid, particles, dispersion, settle, mixtures, liquid, relatively large, solute, electrically charged, solid, electrically, milk, dissolved water, medium, elevation, dissolved, credit photo, solvent, gel, point elevation, solid liquid, photo modification, osmotic pressure, freezing point, semipermeable membrane, solubility, molality, semipermeable, liquid solid, heterogeneous, mud, osmotic, charged, suspension, dispersing, depression, amphiphilic, starch, freezing, photo, suspended, mixture, electrolyte, solvated, methods, proportionality constant, electrostatic attraction] Dispersion colloidal, colloids, dispersed, colloid, particles, dispersion, settle, mixtures, liquid, relatively large
355 55 355_ammonia_ammonium_ammonium ion_industrial [ammonia, ammonium, ammonium ion, industrial, base, weak base, hydrogen molecules, nitrogen hydrogen, household, fertilizer, production, decomposition, hydrogen, nitrogen, industrial production, favoring, number hydrogen, setup, molecular nitrogen, hydroxide, ion water, given number, reaction hydrogen, reacts, volumes, base reaction, molecules produced, check learning, equilibrium, lewis base, enthalpy vaporization, react, nitrogen gas, 13 figure, equilibrium mixture, ion, acidic, manufacture, hydroxide ion, laboratory, check, hydroxide ions, burns, weak, weaker, hydrogen gas, acid base, stoichiometric, reaction, molecules] Ammonium ammonia, ammonium, ammonium ion, industrial, base, weak base, hydrogen molecules, nitrogen hydrogen, household, fertilizer
356 55 356_conditioning_rats_stimulus_bell [conditioning, rats, stimulus, bell, learned, food, days, dog, classical, response, dogs, figure 45, training, learning, learn, day, group, punishment, 45, run, iii, associated, fed, lever, caught, seven, associate, behaviors, experiments, behavior, classic, started, language, trial, behavioral, ii, eventually, modified, runs, control, consequences, starting, powerful, seven days, thoughts, wolfgang, intelligent, intelligence, cited, respond] Conditioning conditioning, rats, stimulus, bell, learned, food, days, dog, classical, response
357 55 357_coral_ocean_calcium carbonate_marine [coral, ocean, calcium carbonate, marine, waters, carbonate, skeletons, acidification, calcium, algae, symbiotic, marine invertebrates, dinoflagellates, acidity, lose, warming, invertebrates, mutualism, major component, symbionts, shelter, colloids, underwater, build, relationship, global warming, algal, symbiotic relationship, massive, health, mutualistic, cnidaria, global, food chain, photosynthetic, colonies, 11, seawater, rising, decline, home, nutrition, world, ecosystems, healthy, die, secrete, animals, diverse, figure 44] Coral Reefs coral, ocean, calcium carbonate, marine, waters, carbonate, skeletons, acidification, calcium, algae
358 55 358_black holes_black_holes_black hole [black holes, black, holes, black hole, hole, star, galaxies, galactic, stars, galaxy, energetic, candidates, distant, bang, big bang, cores, evidence, companion, big, supernova, existence, escape, massive, supernovas, bursts, proof, neutron, extremely, dim, created, objects, matter, milky, possibilities, center, vast, sun, thought, centers, year, possibility, observe, forming, consistent, ones, nasa, exist, slow process, trillions, scientists developed] Black Hole black holes, black, holes, black hole, hole, star, galaxies, galactic, stars, galaxy
359 55 359_biology_science_biologists_study [biology, science, biologists, study, scientific, biochemistry, paper, biologists study, physiology, physics chemistry, molecular biology, disciplines, biology study, chemistry, author, biological, findings, living, organism, scientific method, nonliving, studies, reasoning, alive, summarizes, structure function, living things, research, study biological, hypothesis, scientific disciplines, chemistry physics, experimental results, particular area, courses, understand, knowledge, anatomy, comparative, sciences, experimental, aims, pursue, fundamental unit, geology, applied science, life, cell signaling, broad, cells tissues] Biology biology, science, biologists, study, scientific, biochemistry, paper, biologists study, physiology, physics chemistry
360 54 360_cation_electrons_loses_lose electrons [cation, electrons, loses, lose electrons, lose, noble gas, noble, valence, gain, number electrons, ion, electrons lost, atom, charged ions, shell, electrons atom, ions, gain electrons, charged, lost, electrons form, group 17, valence shell, electron shell, cations, readily, electrons valence, negatively charged, charge, positive, positively charged, electron, negatively, positively, valence electrons, anion, sodium, positive charge, losing, electrons number, ions form, positive ions, negative ions, negative, form stable, formed, neutral atom, donate, configuration, periodic table] Loss of electrons cation, electrons, loses, lose electrons, lose, noble gas, noble, valence, gain, number electrons
361 54 361_37_38_35_39 [37, 38, 35, 39, 36, 34, 40, 33, 25 35, 31, 25, 25 25, 32, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] **Topic: Age Range 35-4 37, 38, 35, 39, 36, 34, 40, 33, 25 35, 31
362 54 362_golgi_golgi apparatus_endoplasmic reticulum_endoplasmic [golgi, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, endoplasmic, reticulum, vesicles, lysosomes, apparatus, packaging, vesicle, organelles, lysosome, lipids, rough, proteins, lipids proteins, nuclear envelope, membrane, bud, sorting, membrane protein, cytoplasmic, cells secrete, face, secretory, secrete, envelope, lumen, plasma membrane, enzymes, synthesis, smooth, cis, destroy, membranes, cell plate, plasma, modifies, worn, protein, fusing, figure 18, membranous, membrane figure, synthesized, flattened, polysaccharides, continuous, transport, inside outside] Golgi apparatus golgi, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, endoplasmic, reticulum, vesicles, lysosomes, apparatus, packaging, vesicle
363 54 363_binding energy_energy nucleon_binding_nucleon [binding energy, energy nucleon, binding, nucleon, energy nucleus, example 21, amu, mev, nuclide, neutron, energy equivalence, equivalence equation, graph figure, value obtained, binding energies, approximate value, nucleus, mass defect, energy, 31, defect, atomic mass, joules, equivalence, nuclei, energy number, 21, neutral, figure 31, mass nuclei, heaviest, particle mass, graph, nucleons, nuclear, neutrons, appendix, particle, protons neutrons, mass, number nucleons, atomic masses, energy joules, approximate, compare, mass energy, atomic, energy needed, computed, dividing] Binding energy binding energy, energy nucleon, binding, nucleon, energy nucleus, example 21, amu, mev, nuclide, neutron
364 54 364_blackbody_visible_infrared_visible light [blackbody, visible, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, spectrum, transparent, ir, emissivity, infrared radiation, radiation, atoms molecules, blackbody radiation, ultraviolet radiation, skin, uv, curves, absorb, electronic transitions, violet, shorter wavelengths, wavelengths, shorter, approximated, heated, heated high, visible ultraviolet, shifts, high temperatures, absorb light, light, human eye, transitions, distribution, uv light, theoretical, visible wavelengths, visible spectrum, matches, spectra, temperatures, photon energies, radiator, electromagnetic, peak, absorbed, 97, electronic, range, intensity] Blackbody blackbody, visible, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, spectrum, transparent, ir, emissivity, infrared radiation
365 53 365_net external_net_external force_net force [net external, net, external force, net force, external, vertical, force zero, zero net, force net, zero, force, horizontal, external forces, cancel, equipment, forces, force direction, magnitude opposite, force force, equal magnitude, direction, forces shown, forces acting, acceleration zero, acting, vertical horizontal, vertical direction, choosing, demonstration, opposite direction, axes, magnitude, friction force, opposite, friction, kept, figure 10, pushes, yielding, noting, newton second, reverses direction, equation simply, 10 using, vertical acceleration, does exert, example different, horizontal axes, zero force, expressed equation] Net Force net external, net, external force, net force, external, vertical, force zero, zero net, force net, zero
366 53 366_fungi_association_roots_symbiotic [fungi, association, roots, symbiotic, root, fungus, fungal, partners, plant roots, mutualistic, plants, plants fungi, plant, 90 percent, symbiotic relationship, establish, soil, soil plant, establishment, minerals soil, symbiotic relationships, partner, mutually, nutrient, depletion, minerals, uptake, trees, vascular, 90, surface area, zinc, relationship, nutrients, usda, essential, beneficial, vascular plants, little, dense, survival, derived greek, informally, basic types, microscope facility, network, coevolved, roots plant, work louisa, physical barrier] Fungal Association fungi, association, roots, symbiotic, root, fungus, fungal, partners, plant roots, mutualistic
367 53 367_actin_cross bridge_stroke_binding sites [actin, cross bridge, stroke, binding sites, adp, sites, bridge, binding, cross, binds, bridges, binding site, head, contraction, atp, dissociate, muscle contraction, site, globular, muscle, phosphate, heads, active site, detach, regulatory, filament, power, allowing, subunit, occurs, conformational, filaments, calcium ions, bind, pulling, active, preventing, calcium, pull, movement figure, position, tension, conformational changes, figure 38, energy expended, resting state, expend, energy high, muscles contract, uncovered] Bridge actin, cross bridge, stroke, binding sites, adp, sites, bridge, binding, cross, binds
368 53 368_35___ [35, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 35 35, , , , , , , , ,
369 52 369_spores_haploid_gametophytes_produce haploid [spores, haploid, gametophytes, produce haploid, gametophyte, mitosis, multicellular, sporophyte, meiosis, female, develop, diploid, spore, male female, germinate, male, sporangia, produce, gametes, undergo, sporophytes, grow, mother, produced meiosis, male gametophyte, female gametes, wheat, grows, chromosome number, thallus, zygote, contained, stalk, specialized cells, favorable, photograph, generates, cup, parents, produces, cones, shown following, produce eggs, 23 28, 25 11, conditions favorable, contains cells, separate, capsules, body contains] Haploid Gametophyte spores, haploid, gametophytes, produce haploid, gametophyte, mitosis, multicellular, sporophyte, meiosis, female
370 52 370_lactose_operator_transcription_binds [lactose, operator, transcription, binds, cap, promoter, bind, protein, transcribed, absent, prokaryotic cells, rna, prokaryotic, transcription factor, glucose, coli, region, genes, coding region, rna molecule, translated, synthesize, activated, gene, binding, ribosomal, coding, proteins bind, table 16, encodes, present, control gene, regulator, subunit, gene expression, downstream, upstream, changes shape, epigenetic, protein complex, activate, guanosine triphosphate, process involving, transcriptional, translation, present cell, translated protein, figure 16, guanosine, factor] Transcription lactose, operator, transcription, binds, cap, promoter, bind, protein, transcribed, absent
371 52 371_hall_effect_emf_conductor [hall, effect, emf, conductor, pipe, voltage, carry current, cm diameter, field applied, magnetic field, field, magnetic, probes, charges, diameter, 22, applied magnetic, 22 28, flow fluid, mutually perpendicular, carrying, blood velocity, cm, flow, width, probe, applied, field strength, mutually, applying, flow rate, blood flow, carry, fluid flow, current, force moving, earth field, free charges, figure 22, creation, 500, perpendicular, placed, positive charges, mri, 00 cm, negative charges, strength, average velocity, produces electric] Magnetic Field hall, effect, emf, conductor, pipe, voltage, carry current, cm diameter, field applied, magnetic field
372 52 372_domain_microscopic_macroscopic_symbolic [domain, microscopic, macroscopic, symbolic, matter, microscopic domain, phases, states matter, liquid gas, solid liquid, domains, chemistry, chemical behavior, symbols, solids liquids, phet, behavior, states, explanation, submicroscopic, solid, phet explorations, explorations, state matter, liquids, solids, physical state, classification, items, great deal, definition, watch, basics, shape, liquid, compress, definite, occupies, mixture, deal, feature, cool, picture, commonly, description, distinguish, atoms molecules, changes matter, daily life, ion dipole] Phase domain, microscopic, macroscopic, symbolic, matter, microscopic domain, phases, states matter, liquid gas, solid liquid
373 52 373_molecular structure_draw_structure molecule_structure [molecular structure, draw, structure molecule, structure, lone, molecule, skeleton, molecular, geometry, lone pairs, skeletal, structural, structures molecules, formula, skeletal structure, geometries, shape, structures, lone pair, molecule molecular, atoms attached, different shapes, hydrogen atoms, trigonal, shapes, equatorial, molecule ion, methane, structure figure, pairs, influences, answer example, central atom, chemical formula, example 20, arrangements, trigonal planar, lines, carbon atoms, atoms, shaped, single bonds, describing, condensed, drawn, pair, planar, central, dimensional, sketch] Structure molecular structure, draw, structure molecule, structure, lone, molecule, skeleton, molecular, geometry, lone pairs
374 52 374_hair cells_vestibular_hair_stereocilia [hair cells, vestibular, hair, stereocilia, auditory, semicircular, acceleration deceleration, deceleration, head, angular acceleration, bending, afferent, inner, neurons, sensation, cells, membrane, project, somatosensory, balance, figure 36, linear acceleration, crystals, ossicles, detects, brain, bipolar, acceleration, gravity, limb, sense, orientation, movement, stimulated, angular, calcium carbonate, outer, 36, processing, specific frequency, signals, arranged, bones joints, send signals, based location, earth earth, cells respond, evaluating, gravity acceleration, receptors] Vestibular hair cells hair cells, vestibular, hair, stereocilia, auditory, semicircular, acceleration deceleration, deceleration, head, angular acceleration
375 52 375_neon_fluorescence_fluorescent_excited [neon, fluorescence, fluorescent, excited, discharge, excitations, helium, laser, signs, glow, excitation, metastable, fluorescent light, tubes, uv, dye, visible light, atomic excitations, inversion, light, excites, visible, lights, emission, red light, emits, given energy, uv light, 30, photon, ultraviolet light, metastable state, ultraviolet, low pressure, incandescent, powder, argon, figure 30, wavelengths, emitting, energy input, lower energy, atom molecule, atomic, operate, lasers, induced, red, commonly used, commonly] Neon neon, fluorescence, fluorescent, excited, discharge, excitations, helium, laser, signs, glow
376 52 376_biomes_lakes_freshwater_abiotic [biomes, lakes, freshwater, abiotic, ocean, runoff, zones, aquatic, fertilizer, zone, rivers, ecosystems, lakes ponds, bay, ponds, turnover, dead, rivers streams, ecosystem, fauna, factors, streams, terrestrial, deep ocean, tide, freshwater marine, waters, marine, terrestrial biomes, shallow, deep, ecology, figure 46, 44, river, environments, climate, depletes, greenhouse, deepest, mexico, services, include, saltwater, microorganisms, 46, figure 44, living things, fertilizers, biotic] Biomes biomes, lakes, freshwater, abiotic, ocean, runoff, zones, aquatic, fertilizer, zone
377 52 377_airplane_wind_plane_jet [airplane, wind, plane, jet, west, relative ground, total velocity, north, relative, flies, flying, east, velocity relative, velocity, wind speed, speed direction, south west, relative earth, south, speed, direction, commercial, heading, air, pilot, earth velocity, velocity magnitude, south east, direction north, takeoff, speed relative, figure 44, north east, meters second, ground, passenger, figure 41, somewhat, min, average speed, trip, 44, fly, 58, moving, average velocity, total, earth moving, strategy problem, example know] Flight airplane, wind, plane, jet, west, relative ground, total velocity, north, relative, flies
378 52 378_minus_sign_positive direction_direction [minus, sign, positive direction, direction, plus minus, minus sign, plus, positive, motion, signs, sign indicates, motion away, direction direction, negative, plus sign, left, assign, define, right, directions, positive negative, dimensional motion, indicates, upwards, clockwise direction, left right, indicate direction, west, convenient, upward, observer, analyzing, dimension, clockwise, denoted, specified, select, dimensional, downward, signs indicate, choose, opposite direction, negative negative, points opposite, considered, indicated, point line, use equations, vertical, law example] Direction minus, sign, positive direction, direction, plus minus, minus sign, plus, positive, motion, signs
379 52 379_value_approximation_given value_values [value, approximation, given value, values, value example, allowed values, values given, identify known, makes sense, average value, example example, did, approximate, calculation, allowed, using given, 2000 3000, anticipated, list possible, values known, 50 times, did make, guess, engineers, limited accuracy, similar used, possible values, obtained using, times larger, table 30, quantities known, perform calculations, value given, comparisons, integers, determine value, process used, scenarios, zero example, perform, known values, given, sense, surprisingly, 3000, justify, differing, remarkably, challenge, integer] Value value, approximation, given value, values, value example, allowed values, values given, identify known, makes sense, average value
380 52 380_complexity_complex systems_adaptive_systems [complexity, complex systems, adaptive, systems, complex, organization, discipline, self, nonlinear, emerging, evolve, traditional, insights, adapt, spot, topic, 34, rooted, organize, extremely, jupiter, phenomena, figure 34, topics, similarities, deal, behavior, physics, studied, underlying, evolution, parallels, 2000 3000, devise, disparate, intelligence, intelligent, simple complex, great, initial conditions, quantified, flow fluid, difficult predict, merge, sensitive, extremely sensitive, physics figure, studies, devoted, broad range] Complexity complexity, complex systems, adaptive, systems, complex, organization, discipline, self, nonlinear, emerging
381 51 381_liters_cube_cubic_volumes [liters, cube, cubic, volumes, volume, liter, centimeter, milliliter, edge length, edge, ml, cubic meter, meniscus, meter, exactly, drink, ounce, volume volume, soft drink, bottle, oz, mass volume, nearest, estimate, measure, mark, lengths, length, soft, reading, calculated, volumes measured, space occupied, convert, lowest point, box, learning volume, relatively inexpensive, measured using, liquid, sides, cc, 06, 1000, commonly encountered, limitation, abbreviation, capacities, cylinder, sequentially] Volume liters, cube, cubic, volumes, volume, liter, centimeter, milliliter, edge length, edge
382 51 382_vaccines_virus_viral_killed [vaccines, virus, viral, killed, immunity, flu, disease, immune response, viruses, immune, disease causing, figure 42, diseases, delivery, 21 14, causing, live, administered, childhood, short period, injection, outbreaks, year, 42, infected, response, mutations, developing, saliva, infection, host, dogs, media, effective, prevent, stimulate, protective, adapted, antigens, symptoms, infections, dogs cats, incapable, protection, strain, weakening, developed, primary method, connection evolution, cell line] Vaccine vaccines, virus, viral, killed, immunity, flu, disease, immune response, viruses, immune
383 51 383_filaments_band_shorten_muscle [filaments, band, shorten, muscle, contraction, muscle contraction, actin, overlap, discs, bands, bridges, zone, skeletal muscle, disc, fiber, contracts, central region, shortened, line, skeletal, sliding, tension, figure 38, striations, filament, consecutive, muscle cell, 38, length, attach, region, entire, cross, stretched, pulled, slide, arrangement, contract, running, dense, degree, appearance, regular arrangement, distance consecutive, defined distance, smoothly, relaxation, attachments, 35 figure, area increases] Muscle contraction filaments, band, shorten, muscle, contraction, muscle contraction, actin, overlap, discs, bands
384 51 384_urea_nitrogenous_ammonia_nitrogenous wastes [urea, nitrogenous, ammonia, nitrogenous wastes, wastes, waste, terrestrial, byproduct, excreted, animals, toxic, figure 41, excrete, reptiles, usfws, excretion, facilitates, mammals, 41, birds reptiles, acid, aquatic animals, cycle, nucleic acids, vertebrate animals, metabolism, aquatic, stores, nucleic, body fluids, nitrogen, eliminate, compare contrast, birds, respiration, secrete, major, amino, vertebrate, urine, arthropods, evolution, enzymes convert, kidney stones, convert, aquatic environment, following compare, evolved, acids contain, conserving] Nitrogenous wastes urea, nitrogenous, ammonia, nitrogenous wastes, wastes, waste, terrestrial, byproduct, excreted, animals
385 51 385_ecosystem_ecosystems_disturbances_modeling [ecosystem, ecosystems, disturbances, modeling, models, dynamics, model, conceptual, simulation, analytical, equilibrium state, ecologists, environmental, study, mathematical, simulations, individual organisms, environment, ecosystem dynamics, describing, state equilibrium, complexities, natural, experimental, state, experimentation, approaches, changes environment, energy transfers, accounts, effects, equilibrium, limitations, research, interactions, ability, accurate, structure, loss, subject, entirely, transfers, predict, changes, complex, useful describing, basic types, return, components, algorithms] Ecosystem ecosystem, ecosystems, disturbances, modeling, models, dynamics, model, conceptual, simulation, analytical
386 51 386_recombination_crossover_genes_recombination frequency [recombination, crossover, genes, recombination frequency, homologous chromosomes, chromosome, chromosomes, homologous, linkage, genes chromosome, linked, alleles, far apart, 50 percent, inheritance, apart, independently, genetic, genes genes, events occur, chromosomes genes, recombined, chromosomal, percent, paternal, event, segments, occur, frequency, gene, maternal, locations, likelihood, occasionally, 50, independent assortment, assortment, separate, genetic material, events, suggested, far, behave, inherited, instead, exchange, independent, meiosis, occurs process, russell chapter] Recombination recombination, crossover, genes, recombination frequency, homologous chromosomes, chromosome, chromosomes, homologous, linkage, genes chromosome
387 50 387_voltage_voltage source_resistor_voltage induced [voltage, voltage source, resistor, voltage induced, load, circuit, circuit diagram, voltage applied, source, internal resistance, devices, voltage current, drop, circuit voltage, parallel, schematic, applied voltage, sources, current, resistance, connected, delivered, flows, draw, supplies, induced, conducting, applied, supplied, battery, current note, resistor voltage, total voltage, potential voltage, arrays, shows simple, law simple, power voltage, resistance greater, source figure, jim, entering expression, lower resistance, diagram, series, internal, goes zero, schematic representation, flow resistance, various points] Voltage Source voltage, voltage source, resistor, voltage induced, load, circuit, circuit diagram, voltage applied, source, internal resistance
388 50 388_explain explain_explain_let_ [explain explain, explain, let, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Explain explain explain, explain, let, , , , , , ,
389 50 389_bernoulli_principle_equation_fluid [bernoulli, principle, equation, fluid, depth, fluid flow, equation states, fluids, applications, fluid density, conservation energy, incompressible, height, situations, 12, constant, strips, subscripts, general, figure 12, conservation, frictionless, static, forms energy, flow, wing, manometer, theorem, wings, preceding, measurement, making connections, gauge pressure, ground level, explain phenomena, boulder, tube like, equation terms, 1700, acceleration gravity, refer, principle applies, initial conditions, situations involving, terms, stated, daniel, general form, based, forms] Bernoulli Principle bernoulli, principle, equation, fluid, depth, fluid flow, equation states, fluids, applications, fluid density
390 50 390_wavelength_wavelengths_radio_radio waves [wavelength, wavelengths, radio, radio waves, mhz, wavelength light, frequencies, assume average, waves, electromagnetic, lowercase, range, fm, frequencies wavelengths, cell phone, electromagnetic waves, 380, visible light, greek letter, signal, visible, phone, electromagnetic radiation, broadcast, letter, denoted, meters, frequency, specified, greek, ne laser, rearranging gives, mri unit, need calculate, simple formula, signal cell, solution rearranging, waves used, hills, calculate wavelength, given frequency, calculate ratio, assume, swept, forms electromagnetic, light, spacecraft, cell phones, recipe, determine approximate] Wavelength wavelength, wavelengths, radio, radio waves, mhz, wavelength light, frequencies, assume average, waves, electromagnetic
391 50 391_eggs_reptiles_egg_rabbits [eggs, reptiles, egg, rabbits, lay, lizards, shells, chorion, membranes, 20 10, rib, birds, ventilation, embryo, yolk, reptile, reptiles birds, reptilian, character, terrestrial, sac, damp, developing embryo, adapted, characteristics, evolution, amphibians, salamanders, embryonic, distinguished, diverged, turtles, shared, figure 20, frogs, evolved, moist, aquatic, hair, 29, enclosed, derived, shell, figure 29, dependence, calcium carbonate, filled, extra, mammals, main] Eggs eggs, reptiles, egg, rabbits, lay, lizards, shells, chorion, membranes, 20 10
392 50 392_glycogen_glucose_excess_liver [glycogen, glucose, excess, liver, sugar, sugars, pathways, stored, storage, muscle cells, catabolic, reserves, carbohydrates, metabolic pathways, form glucose, provide energy, catabolic pathways, muscle, phosphate, sugar molecules, smaller molecules, atp, metabolic, energy sources, anabolic, energy food, utilizing, short term, monomers, energy source, pathway, degradation, skeletal muscle, simpler, stores, roles, converts, breaks, fats, muscles, fatty acids, cause cell, leaking, broke, acorn, term storage, complex carbohydrates, contain energy, fuel, breaking] Glycogen glycogen, glucose, excess, liver, sugar, sugars, pathways, stored, storage, muscle cells
393 50 393_telescope_hubble_moon_laser beam [telescope, hubble, moon, laser beam, laser, astronauts, reflector, nasa, radio, observatory, photo, beam, space, satellite, composite, designed, corner, images, photographed, radio waves, army, george, astronomical, launched, periodically, ultraviolet, taken, detects, image, captured, figure 27, earth atmosphere, james, uv, 27, figure 34, famous, credit nasa, robert, photograph, camera, earth, observable, project, gradually, sent, picture, extent, measure, planet] Laser beam telescope, hubble, moon, laser beam, laser, astronauts, reflector, nasa, radio, observatory
394 50 394_flower_flowers_incomplete_collectively [flower, flowers, incomplete, collectively, collectively called, lacking, figure 32, parts, perfect, female, male, reproductive, reproductive structure, term describes, missing, 32, ovary, innermost, male female, term used, inferior, dioecious, 32 figure, located, work mariana, superior, main, villareal, ruiz villareal, mariana ruiz, mariana, unable, ruiz, bud, virtually, structures, term, contain, protect, organs, plants reproduce, located base, __, reproductive parts, complete, located center, undifferentiated, lacked, following structures, referred] Flowers flower, flowers, incomplete, collectively, collectively called, lacking, figure 32, parts, perfect, female
395 50 395_later chapters_chapters_later_chapter [later chapters, chapters, later, chapter, implications, discussed, discussed later, examine, explored, sections chapter, topics, later section, later sections, sections, let examine, considerations, later chapter, text, let, consequences, discussed far, covered, chapters text, important point, cos sin, questions, depth, discussed section, taken account, scope text, shall later, truth, section, situations, discussed chapter, preceding example, consider happens, quantitatively, examples, play role, obviously, outcome, concentrate, factors affect, scope, conditions, cover, examined, encountered, looks] Later Chapters later chapters, chapters, later, chapter, implications, discussed, discussed later, examine, explored, sections chapter
396 50 396_carbonates_carbonate_calcium_calcium carbonate [carbonates, carbonate, calcium, calcium carbonate, baking, oxide, soda, carbon dioxide, preparation properties, dioxide, sodium carbonate, hydroxide, soluble, prepared, preparation, bicarbonate, 18 occurrence, solid, impurities, salts, alkaline earth, occurrence preparation, antacid, hydroxides, cream, acid shown, metal, occurrence, decomposition, sodium, insoluble, prepared reaction, heating, used extensively, alkaline, alkali, possible prepare, carbon, dioxide gas, alkali metal, earth metals, decompose, grams, powder, extensively, decomposes, acid, remove, dioxide water, hydrogen] Carbonate carbonates, carbonate, calcium, calcium carbonate, baking, oxide, soda, carbon dioxide, preparation properties, dioxide
397 49 397_causative_sleeping_sickness_african [causative, sleeping, sickness, african, parasite, agent, drug, parts world, humans, chronic, africa, resistant, infectious, america, genus, south america, blood cells, fly, cattle, deadly, human, infected, asia, treatments, drugs, life cycle, red blood, anti, disease, evolution connection, infect, parasites, severe, commonly used, flies, commonly, central, bar data, scale bar, data matt, matt russell, russell, southeast, inset, haploid life, credit james, southeast asia, matt, sex, cycle] Chronic Sickness causative, sleeping, sickness, african, parasite, agent, drug, parts world, humans, chronic
398 49 398_chordates_chordata_dorsal hollow_notochord [chordates, chordata, dorsal hollow, notochord, nerve cord, endostyle, pharyngeal, anal, dorsal, vertebrates, hollow, tail, post, hollow nerve, invertebrate, cord, features, phylum, vertebrata, slits, nerve, chordate, clades, thyroid gland, members, thyroid, share, tubular, figure 29, echinoderms, characteristics, characteristic, stage development, squids, invertebrates, 29, gland, taxon, sister, adult, secretes, stage, figure 28, humans, include, appear, key, distinguish, includes, display] Chordates chordates, chordata, dorsal hollow, notochord, nerve cord, endostyle, pharyngeal, anal, dorsal, vertebrates
399 49 399_density air_air_density_dry air [density air, air, density, dry air, average density, house, altitude, low pressure, earth surface, dimensions, volume air, dry, calculate density, atmosphere, sized, average, denser, atmospheric, table 11, dense, volume, breathed, air oxygen, molar, 21 percent, surrounding environment, calculating average, work national, molar mass, air contains, mass average, compressible, replaced, given volume, significant amounts, density temperature, discussion result, evaporated, air molecules, billions years, determine mass, atmospheric pressure, things consider, values expression, density given, moderately, mass, duct, average value, declines] Density of Air density air, air, density, dry air, average density, house, altitude, low pressure, earth surface, dimensions
400 49 400_muscle_smooth muscle_skeletal muscle_skeletal [muscle, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, skeletal, smooth, muscle tissue, muscle contraction, contraction, voluntary, muscle cells, cardiac muscle, cardiac, fiber, body contains, 38, contractions, involuntary, figure 38, learning view, tapered, view animation, tissue, striations, muscle cell, muscles, cross bridge, appearance, skeletal muscles, control, cylindrical, locomotion, fibers, animation, link learning, walls, link, 33, bridge, contract relax, shown following, nervous, tension, skeletal movement, nuclei present, relaxes, tubes, view, nci nih, blood vessels, following statements] Muscle muscle, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, skeletal, smooth, muscle tissue, muscle contraction, contraction, voluntary, muscle cells
401 49 401_stoichiometric_limiting reactant_limiting_stoichiometry [stoichiometric, limiting reactant, limiting, stoichiometry, reaction stoichiometry, reactant, cheese, balanced chemical, amounts, bread, reactants, amounts reactants, chemical equation, balanced, provided, quantitative, sandwich, coefficients, chemical, chemical equations, molar amounts, relative numbers, product, chemical reactions, used derive, equation used, reactants products, calculations, derive, identifying, recipe, summing, chemical species, equals sum, comparing, module, molar, according following, equation, mass numbers, factors, products, relationships, excess, numbers, lesser, sum, multiplying, equations, compute] Stoichiometry stoichiometric, limiting reactant, limiting, stoichiometry, reaction stoichiometry, reactant, cheese, balanced chemical, amounts, bread
402 49 402_neutrino_supernova_solar_massless [neutrino, supernova, solar, massless, oscillations, huge, weakly, detectors, interact, upper limit, mass small, huge numbers, upper, travel speed, evidence, observed, detected, limits, escape, beta decay, travel, flavor, detector, figure 32, sun, mass, speed light, spontaneously, flux, energy order, wolfgang, small masses, light mass, beta, close speed, energy angular, tubes, experimentally determined, carry energy, definitive, difficult detect, indicative, need use, convincing, completely different, 20 years, types particles, supernovas, light used, 1953] Oscillations neutrino, supernova, solar, massless, oscillations, huge, weakly, detectors, interact, upper limit
403 48 403_humidity_vapor_water vapor_vapor density [humidity, vapor, water vapor, vapor density, relative, saturation, pressure water, air temperature, partial pressure, air, air contains, temperature air, day, partial, vapor pressure, contains water, density, evaporation, temperature, point, percent, point temperature, dry air, condenses, drops, water, table 13, cools, remains constant, pressure, 13, dry, decreased, point calculate, banana, results suppose, pressure vapor, water lower, condensing, hot dry, greater rate, autumn, temperature assuming, depends temperature, fog, radiating, density temperature, photographed, pressure equal, explain relationship] Humidity humidity, vapor, water vapor, vapor density, relative, saturation, pressure water, air temperature, partial pressure, air
404 48 404_capacitance_capacitors_series parallel_series [capacitance, capacitors, series parallel, series, parallel, total, 19, figure 19, parallel connections, combination, sum individual, connections, individual, 19 21, sum, example 19, connected, connected directly, individual charges, entering, expressions, combinations, 19 10, 19 20, strategy given, decimal places, capacitor, entering given, connected series, expression, decimal, yields discussion, total charge, compute, equation gives, voltage applied, parts, equivalent, strategy, 19 19, places, total voltage, valid, voltage, given entering, fairly large, equation, able derive, identify, gives] Capacitance capacitance, capacitors, series parallel, series, parallel, total, 19, figure 19, parallel connections, combination
405 48 405_electron configuration_configuration_valence_periodic table [electron configuration, configuration, valence, periodic table, valence electrons, periodic, configurations, electron configurations, number valence, electron, elements, electrons, noble gas, shell, elements periodic, core, noble, achieve, group 15, valence shell, shells, elements group, transition elements, table, group, determine electron, order achieve, atoms number, group periodic, state electron, stable, ns, elements groups, valence shells, total number, electron shells, atoms elements, shell electrons, arrangement, group elements, matches, electrons valence, properties elements, outer shell, shell electron, occupying, inner transition, number electrons, atomic number, gain] Electron Configuration electron configuration, configuration, valence, periodic table, valence electrons, periodic, configurations, electron configurations, number valence, electron
406 48 406_activation energy_activation_arrhenius_reaction [activation energy, activation, arrhenius, reaction, rate, energy reaction, reaction rate, reactant, reaction rates, elementary reaction, chemical reaction, rate reaction, reactant species, rate constant, elementary, rate law, activation energies, transition state, catalyst, collision, rates, kinetics, reaction reaction, collisions, order, reaction mechanism, chemical, reactants, orientation, proceed, equation, energy, unit time, area contact, state figure, constant, decomposition, reactions, equation relates, involving, second order, energy molecules, proportionality constant, energy necessary, adequately, determines, reaction occur, energy required, change concentration, constant rate] Activation activation energy, activation, arrhenius, reaction, rate, energy reaction, reaction rate, reactant, reaction rates, elementary reaction
407 48 407_solubility_solvent_solute_solubility product [solubility, solvent, solute, solubility product, dissolved, water solvent, solutes, solution, following compounds, dissolve, concentration, concentration solution, aqueous solution, solution contains, soluble, chemistry physics, aqueous, pure water, specified conditions, components, relatively, significantly greater, solutions, relative strengths, solute concentration, slightly soluble, relatively high, relatively low, low concentration, atoms ions, concentrated, high concentration, product, lesser, homogeneous, present, limit, dilute, component, affecting, dissolved water, specified, attractive forces, substance, concentrations, extent, hydrolysis, strengths, compounds, anion] Solubility solubility, solvent, solute, solubility product, dissolved, water solvent, solutes, solution, following compounds, dissolve
408 48 408_periodic_periodic table_elements_table elements [periodic, periodic table, elements, table elements, properties elements, table, properties, element properties, discovered, elements periodic, element, trends, columns, existence, russian, discoveries, chemical behavior, patterns, variations, systematic, widely, ores, rows, chart, manganese, table figure, similar, chemist, groups, predicted, atomic, chemical properties, organized, accepted, recognized, array, nuclides, explain observed, close figure, arranged, videos, highlighted, important remember, properties element, certain chemical, properties electron, based location, order atomic, developed, naturally] Periodic Table periodic, periodic table, elements, table elements, properties elements, table, properties, element properties, discovered, elements periodic
409 48 409_mass water_volume water_displaced_density [mass water, volume water, displaced, density, submerged, density water, reservoir, beaker, water density, volume, mass, use water, button, adjust, water, apparent, solving equation, calculate mass, block, simulation http, displace, displacement, hardness, volume density, water table, measure mass, water does, simulation, water calculate, approach, simulator, weighed, square meter, mass mass, mass volume, fluid, click, cylinder, http openstax, ml, table 11, example 11, http, visit, liter, determination, square, turn, using water, water determine] Density mass water, volume water, displaced, density, submerged, density water, reservoir, beaker, water density, volume
410 48 410_chemistry_science_chemists_principles [chemistry, science, chemists, principles, better understand, theories, disciplines, engineering, essential, lee, scientific disciplines, cell phones, chemistry everyday, study chemistry, chemical, knowledge, ideas, scientific, phones, practice, substances, wide variety, technology, historical, enabling, wide, understand, encounter, study, physics, bread, learn, green, everyday, help, hypotheses, tools, fields, scientific method, came, world, provide, everyday life, better, universal, areas, age, began, analytical, providing] Principles of Chemistry chemistry, science, chemists, principles, better understand, theories, disciplines, engineering, essential, lee
411 47 411_flagella_flagellum_cilia_locomotion [flagella, flagellum, cilia, locomotion, microtubule, hairy, organelles, microtubules, singular, entire cell, pili, grooves, cytoskeletal, protists, 26 figure, hair like, figure 23, spinning, structural, gametes, primitive, surfaces, little, cellulose, attach, array, 23 21, 26, cell example, pellicle, nutrients oxygen, possessed, streaming, textured, tails, deeply, dinoflagellate, motility, fit, lengthwise, agent, diplomonads, smooth, prokaryotes, parabasalids, present cell, expelling, shaped like, cells known, encased] Motility flagella, flagellum, cilia, locomotion, microtubule, hairy, organelles, microtubules, singular, entire cell
412 47 412_radians_angular velocity_angular_angular acceleration [radians, angular velocity, angular, angular acceleration, revolution, velocity, change angle, linear, rate change, linear velocity, rotation, velocity defined, acceleration, change angular, rotation angle, units, rad, place time, degrees, velocity solution, acceleration angular, angle, dimensionless, calculate angular, linear acceleration, defined, relationship, unit time, velocity radius, expressed, seen figure, rotating, defined change, number revolutions, values discussion, rapid change, quantity measured, pit, time, greater force, goes zero, angle given, second, velocity angular, force greater, acceleration given, quantities known, velocity change, unitless, time rate] Angular velocity radians, angular velocity, angular, angular acceleration, revolution, velocity, change angle, linear, rate change, linear velocity
413 47 413_net work_net_theorem_work [net work, net, theorem, work, energy theorem, work energy, work net, displacement, work work, work equals, equals change, force work, energy work, force times, net force, force, work force, equals, kinetic energy, energy motion, doing work, change kinetic, force displacement, kinetic, force vector, acting object, doing, force direction, sum, magnitude force, vector, acting, able explain, forces acting, equation form, newton laws, forces, rotational, product, magnitude, forces vary, multiplied distance, does object, pages introduction, given potential, gives energy, object, states, hand equation, equation expression] Work net work, net, theorem, work, energy theorem, work energy, work net, displacement, work work, work equals
414 47 414_endocytosis_vesicle_vesicles_receptor mediated [endocytosis, vesicle, vesicles, receptor mediated, exocytosis, plasma membrane, membrane, plasma, mediated, vacuoles, fuse, contents, receptor, extracellular fluid, phagocytosis, lysosome, extracellular, vacuole, cell membrane, newly formed, membrane membrane, cell, newly, pocket, substances, transport, uptake, work mariana, ruiz villareal, villareal, mariana ruiz, mariana, ruiz, fuses, outside cell, cytoplasmic, variation, fluid, formed, synaptic, surrounds, secretion, active transport, intracellular, membranes, breaks, rafts, storage, fluids blood, cells formed] Endocytosis endocytosis, vesicle, vesicles, receptor mediated, exocytosis, plasma membrane, membrane, plasma, mediated, vacuoles
415 47 415_66_69__ [66, 69, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Sure, 66 and 69 are keywords for a topic about the number 6. 66, 69, , , , , , , ,
416 47 416_electrons protons_charge_electrons_protons [electrons protons, charge, electrons, protons, charges, building blocks, negative, carried, equal magnitude, opposite sign, negative charge, negative charges, protons electrons, ejected, positive negative, blocks, positive, positive charge, electron charge, building, great small, coulombs, things great, equal amounts, vast majority, magnitude, electron proton, charge moved, sign, unit charge, ma, calculator, moved, magnitude opposite, example 20, second, equal, multiples, bit, electric charge, submicroscopic, smallest, vast, negatively charged, charged, majority, negatively, opposite, electrons charge, times massive] Charges electrons protons, charge, electrons, protons, charges, building blocks, negative, carried, equal magnitude, opposite sign
417 47 417_competition_predator_habitat_cycling [competition, predator, habitat, cycling, competing, prey, population, resources, competitive, bear, exclusion, species, members species, populations, bears, exclusion principle, resource, dispersal, coevolution, members, predation, share, decline, different species, geographic, wild, habitats, polar, minimizing, dynamics, food, cited, widens, geographic range, approximately 10, distribution, figure 45, particular point, hunter, community, year old, evolves, north american, engage, multiple species, specific area, argue, make use, following structures, suppressed] Competition competition, predator, habitat, cycling, competing, prey, population, resources, competitive, bear
418 47 418_catalyst_catalysts_catalytic_catalyzed [catalyst, catalysts, catalytic, catalyzed, diagrams, heterogeneous, activation energy, activation, reaction, mechanism, transition state, emissions, rate reaction, chemical process, figure 12, reaction mechanisms, automobiles, following pairs, increase rate, step mechanism, reaction mechanism, liquid phase, transition, absence, kinetics, chemical reaction, gas liquid, lowered, presence, later chapter, lesser, gasoline, 12, automobile, lower, mechanisms, topic, alternative, represent, elementary, chapter, burning, accelerate, providing, industrial, useful products, moderate temperatures, reactants, current research, participates] Catalyst catalyst, catalysts, catalytic, catalyzed, diagrams, heterogeneous, activation energy, activation, reaction, mechanism
419 47 419_microwave_oven_microwaves_fly [microwave, oven, microwaves, fly, highest, setting, heating, rotating, peak, oscillating, circuits, edge, plate, electromagnetic waves, received, dish, frequencies, 900, food, door, water molecules, electromagnetic, integrated concepts, field strength, power, integrated, produced, electric field, practical, atoms molecules, accelerating, molecules contained, given power, devices called, residential, decides, specific frequency, concepts, frequencies range, contain water, electronic, imposed, peak power, help understand, energy directly, frequency energy, waves, upper limit, produced currents, specially] Microwave microwave, oven, microwaves, fly, highest, setting, heating, rotating, peak, oscillating
420 47 420_precipitate_agbr_agcl_bromide [precipitate, agbr, agcl, bromide, concentrations, dissolution, silver, equilibria, common ion, saturated solution, begins, mixed, solution, solution containing, ion, concentration solute, calculate concentration, ion concentration, solute species, saturated, following solutions, concentration, filtration, solutions, ions, precipitation, solution following, mixture, involved, equal concentrations, silver ion, solution concentrations, increases decreases, dried, dissolve, assuming, reaction mixture, salts, containing, nacl, slightly soluble, example 15, counter, added solution, cadmium, common, reaction quotient, following, quotient, added] Equilibrium precipitate, agbr, agcl, bromide, concentrations, dissolution, silver, equilibria, common ion, saturated solution
421 47 421_inductor_characteristic time_mutual_self [inductor, characteristic time, mutual, self, inductive, reactance, characteristic, opposition, example 23, time constant, 23, device, inductive reactance, circuit, effective, 23 10, able calculate, current, coupling, ranging, gives equation, instructive, circuits, equating, calculate current, derive equation, time simple, resistance greater, quantity called, series resistor, change example, greatest, answer yes, time current, impede, depends factors, resistive, time, current current, makes sense, slightly different, resistor, 23 11, 23 12, inductors, physical quantity, solving gives, size shape, henry, quantity] Inductor inductor, characteristic time, mutual, self, inductive, reactance, characteristic, opposition, example 23, time constant
422 47 422_tag_biology texas_rao_department biology [tag, biology texas, rao, department biology, texas university, credit rao, texas, ryan, department, fletcher, university, biology, credit, angular momentum, spinning, torque, angular, aspects, horizontal, direction torque, acquires, momentum, momentum direction, vertical axis, horizontal axis, falling, vector, rotates, right hand, axis, direction, indicate directions, guidance, effects, momentum does, accelerated rest, velocity momentum, 29 shows, direction angular, initial rate, produce new, perpendicular plane, change angular, perpendicular, direction shown, expect, logic, hand rule, change direction, 29] Department of Biology tag, biology texas, rao, department biology, texas university, credit rao, texas, ryan, department, fletcher
423 47 423_skater_arms_spin_pulling [skater, arms, spin, pulling, moment inertia, inertia, skates, increase rate, ice, moment, extended, spinning, angular, figure 10, angular velocity, pulls, angular momentum, increase, cylinder, pulled, rate, recoil, faster, hands, rotational kinetic, multiplied distance, recoils, strategy problem, close body, does exert, friction, leg, torque, equation terms, depletes, increase kinetic, construct problem, angular acceleration, legs, negligibly small, approximated, cell metabolism, relatively little, starts, close zero, force multiplied, manage, work internal, close, construct] Moment inertia skater, arms, spin, pulling, moment inertia, inertia, skates, increase rate, ice, moment
424 46 424_gram_gram positive_gram negative_cell wall [gram, gram positive, gram negative, cell wall, bacteria, wall, positive, negative, bacterial, cell walls, lipid, membranes, outer membrane, major groups, linked, glycerol, cell membrane, cell, walls, walls contain, cyanobacteria, outer, phyla, anchored, bacterial species, bacterial cell, lipid bilayer, single cell, membrane, composed, polysaccharide, figure 22, bilayer, cell membranes, capsule, acids, entry, phospholipids, sulfate, envelope, layer, divided, intracellular, substances, fatty acids, substances pass, groups, organisms cell, surrounded, anchors] Gram gram, gram positive, gram negative, cell wall, bacteria, wall, positive, negative, bacterial, cell walls
425 46 425_point charge_electric potential_potential_electric [point charge, electric potential, potential, electric, charge, electric field, work needed, potential electric, point, equipotential, general relationship, charge given, indicate direction, points direction, charge electric, electrical potential, positive charge, charge point, points, field, 19 electric, equation form, sign, decreasing, distance, calculus, said, change potential, 19, tells, test charge, point charges, gradient, voltage, relationship, slope, minus sign, near, positive, indicate, general, negative, direction, large distance, given potential, line, needed, minus, given distance, constant equal] Potential point charge, electric potential, potential, electric, charge, electric field, work needed, potential electric, point, equipotential
426 46 426_fall_free fall_falling_falling objects [fall, free fall, falling, falling objects, air resistance, objects, negligible, object, resistance negligible, free, dolphin, falls, resistance, friction negligible, gravity, constant acceleration, air, dropped, center earth, vertical velocity, downward, acting object, real world, velocity object, acceleration gravity, upward, friction, slower, real, acceleration, experiences, ground level, unless stated, points opposite, light objects, velocity increases, shall use, earth, vertical, distinctions, finally note, use definition, thrown straight, negligible resistance, expelling, previously discussed, hammer, object weight, force air, absence air] Fall fall, free fall, falling, falling objects, air resistance, objects, negligible, object, resistance negligible, free
427 46 427_gene expression_gene regulation_gene_regulation [gene expression, gene regulation, gene, regulation, transcriptional, epigenetic, expression, translational, prokaryotic, eukaryotic, control gene, post, transcription, post translational, control, regulated, translation, 16, prokaryotic cells, post transcriptional, eukaryotic cells, level, regulate gene, rna, protein, access, transcription translation, regulate, able following, controls, cytoplasm, dna sequence, translational control, dna, translated protein, gene product, pages 16, discuss role, cells eukaryotic, activators, following discuss, codes, discuss, controlling, levels, section able, objectives end, learning objectives, end section, objectives] Gene regulation gene expression, gene regulation, gene, regulation, transcriptional, epigenetic, expression, translational, prokaryotic, eukaryotic
428 46 428_intestine_stomach_digestive_digestion [intestine, stomach, digestive, digestion, pancreas, breaks, peptides, liver, pancreatic, gastric, intestinal, enters, secreted, border, enzyme, small, inactive, organ, digesting, mixes, fats, stimulates, food, secretion, bicarbonate, secretions, digested, acidic, acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, protein, gland secretes, consumes, amino acids, digested food, lipids, absorption, chief, absorptive, fatty, hormone, phase, triggering, important roles, enzyme called, digestive systems, juice, secretes, important role] Digestion intestine, stomach, digestive, digestion, pancreas, breaks, peptides, liver, pancreatic, gastric
429 46 429_cascades_breast_receptor_kinase [cascades, breast, receptor, kinase, breast cancer, signaling, tyrosine, cancers, activates, growth, cancer, estrogen, signaling cascades, activated, patients, factor, cell growth, pathway, tumor, phosphorylated, used treat, epidermal, unregulated, treat, mutation, phosphorylates, 30 percent, map, following steps, permanently, interacts, subset, phosphorylation, drug, high levels, immune, phosphates, signaling molecules, percent, inhibited, cascade, translation, protein, regulates, adds, activation, 50 percent, inhibits, therapy, cell] Cascades cascades, breast, receptor, kinase, breast cancer, signaling, tyrosine, cancers, activates, growth
430 46 430_quantum mechanics_mechanics_quantum_classical physics [quantum mechanics, mechanics, quantum, classical physics, classical, development quantum, principle applies, principle, physics, heisenberg, objects, indistinguishable, author, schrödinger, electromagnetism, small objects, applies, feynman, physicist, quantum mechanical, physicists, developed, submicroscopic, development, contributions, successful, quantization, johannes, theory provides, teacher, wolfgang, numbers photons, seen microscope, energy angular, mechanical scale, 1929, maximum value, foundations, necessity, situations involving, mathematical, atomic nuclear, austrian physicist, observe directly, formulated, theory, macroscopic objects, large objects, important characteristic, moving objects] Quantum Mechanics quantum mechanics, mechanics, quantum, classical physics, classical, development quantum, principle applies, principle, physics, heisenberg
431 45 431_review_questions_ch_needed [review, questions, ch, needed, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Review review, questions, ch, needed, , , , , ,
432 45 432_organic_macromolecules_carbon_organic compounds [organic, macromolecules, carbon, organic compounds, proteins nucleic, living organisms, contain carbon, nucleic acids, organic molecules, living, carbohydrates lipids, nucleic, molecules carbon, compounds, lipids, living organism, carbohydrates, biological, carbon containing, compounds carbon, chemistry, carbon hydrogen, biological molecules, lipids proteins, macromolecule, nitrogen, abundant, nitrogen oxygen, compounds contain, functional groups, organism, backbone, substances, carbon carbon, synthetic, carbon atoms, organisms, element, contain, hydrogen, oxygen, plants animals, acids, molecules, cycle carbon, important cellular, forms carbon, living things, variety, inorganic] Organic Compounds organic, macromolecules, carbon, organic compounds, proteins nucleic, living organisms, contain carbon, nucleic acids, organic molecules, living
433 45 433_free energy_energy change_standard free_free [free energy, energy change, standard free, free, standard, change reaction, appendix, use standard, nonspontaneous, change, data appendix, reaction, coupled, using standard, following reactions, change free, determine standard, reactions use, energy changes, formation, entropies, entropy, change following, 298, enthalpy entropy, reaction mixture, change process, computed, spontaneous, entropy changes, data, coupling, following reaction, example 16, energy values, standard entropies, reaction quotient, quotient, enthalpy, zinc, determine change, decomposition, positive, energy, appendix calculate, conditions, approach used, learning use, approach, check learning] Free Energy free energy, energy change, standard free, free, standard, change reaction, appendix, use standard, nonspontaneous, change
434 45 434_microtubules_centrosome_microtubule_animal cells [microtubules, centrosome, microtubule, animal cells, organizing, opposite poles, walls, cytokinesis, poles, poles cell, dividing cell, cell division, new cell, septum, division, hollow, dimers, daughter, plant cells, daughter cells, animal, periphery, cell walls, membrane cell, protein called, duplicated, cell, proteins, ring, opposite, lie, centers, derived, dividing, cells, center, maintain shape, composed proteins, tremendously, resisting, widest, organisms cell, divide, cell wall, tubes, midway, disappears, formation, animal plant, cells divide] Microtubules microtubules, centrosome, microtubule, animal cells, organizing, opposite poles, walls, cytokinesis, poles, poles cell
435 45 435_gold_density_gemstone_brick [gold, density, gemstone, brick, identity, listed table, 000 000, likely, tungsten, purity, thousandth, pure, ounce, com, substance, solvents, cutting, listed, lists, guide, table 11, coin, values, table, 000, substances, learning mass, contains small, molar, chip, corresponding mass, measurement results, elements known, difficult determine, definitive, guess, https www, molar mass, plated, compared size, able measure, analytical techniques, piece, tabulated, compounds used, chocolate, retaining, consistency, representative values, various substances] Density gold, density, gemstone, brick, identity, listed table, 000 000, likely, tungsten, purity
436 45 436_butterfly_mutualism_benefit_mutualistic [butterfly, mutualism, benefit, mutualistic, blue, larvae, symbiotic, symbiotic relationship, relationship, butterflies, interaction, symbiosis, benefits, wild, fungi, commensal, ask questions, farm, symbiotic relationships, feed, survival, figure 44, relationships, oak, pine, leaf, ask, association, interested, decline, different species, species, pain, insect, 44, long term, models used, restrict, freedom, fungus, life stage, individuals different, coevolved, credit cory, second example, nests, pellets, pilot, formic acid, formic] Mutualism butterfly, mutualism, benefit, mutualistic, blue, larvae, symbiotic, symbiotic relationship, relationship, butterflies
437 44 437_boat_river_shore_velocity relative [boat, river, shore, velocity relative, relative, velocity, force water, stream, heading, drag force, pushing, flow water, drag, total velocity, ship, figure 43, force direction, trying, water water, direction opposite, relative velocity, direction, relative observer, wind, straight, exerts force, figure 21, north, figure 40, west, 43, water, sets, east, boulder, comes rest, terms known, push, resisting, acceleration figure, axis perpendicular, velocity person, colorado, direction second, vector sum, descends, earth velocity, refer figure, east north, harbor] Velocity relative boat, river, shore, velocity relative, relative, velocity, force water, stream, heading, drag force
438 44 438_climate_climate change_weather_global climate [climate, climate change, weather, global climate, global, drivers, cycles, atmospheric, volcanic, change, june, reports, past, steadily, event, study, documented, earth orbit, predictable, evidence, week, disturbances, 000 years, changes, atmosphere, cool, earth, scientists, predict, refers, risen, atmospheric conditions, science, weather conditions, effects earth, effects global, data, precipitation, scientific disciplines, scientists study, correlation, effects, day, allen, storms, volcanic activity, decreases temperature, specific area, average temperature, confusion] Climate climate, climate change, weather, global climate, global, drivers, cycles, atmospheric, volcanic, change
439 44 439_leaf_plant_stem_root [leaf, plant, stem, root, apical, fruit, ethylene, lateral, growth, bud, dropping, tissue, promotes, stem root, hormone, vascular, germination, dominance, buds, gravitropism, roots, stems, promote, shoot, responses, directional, nodes, ground tissue, vascular tissue, hormones, phloem, cork, xylem, leaves, underground, modified, elongation, blade, delay, xylem phloem, setting, epidermal, water minerals, plant cell, induces, stem leaves, resulting increase, inhibit, covering, monocots] Leaf leaf, plant, stem, root, apical, fruit, ethylene, lateral, growth, bud
440 44 440_lens_parallel axis_diverging_converging [lens, parallel axis, diverging, converging, light rays, focal, axis, rays, ray, parallel, point opposite, point, converge, originate, exits, diverge, convex, entering, concave, bend, enters, passes, lens lens, mirror, reflection, light, single point, refraction, cross, point point, appear, figure 25, surfaces, rays sun, enter, expanded view, 25, light entering, angle, image, originates, image projected, path, rings, common point, lens mirror, optics, center, opposite, change direction] Lens lens, parallel axis, diverging, converging, light rays, focal, axis, rays, ray, parallel
441 44 441_red blood_blood cells_red_blood [red blood, blood cells, red, blood, cells blood, cells, blood cell, mitochondria, hemoglobin, mammalian, delivering, pulp, circulate, nuclei, avian, cells contain, bone marrow, diameter, marrow, mammals, aerobic respiration, specialized cells, oxygen, respiration, reveals, aerobic, metabolic, destroyed, glycolysis, typical human, mature, cells perform, cells formed, lose, anaerobically, oxygen body, new ones, contain dna, organisms convert, sole, use oxygen, vary size, cell uses, approximately, cells nuclei, metabolic pathway, produce atp, contain, molecules oxygen, convert energy] Red blood cells red blood, blood cells, red, blood, cells blood, cells, blood cell, mitochondria, hemoglobin, mammalian
442 44 442_37_noaa_38_explain [37, noaa, 38, explain, credit, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Credit 37, noaa, 38, explain, credit, , , , ,
443 44 443_emf_emfs_internal resistance_resistances [emf, emfs, internal resistance, resistances, potential difference, internal, sources, voltage, load, flows, resistance, difference, series, current flows, resistance series, figure 21, potential, algebraically, add, output voltage, voltage output, electromotive force, electromotive, opposition, change potential, source, total internal, connected, output, construction, total, volts, current, 21, accurately, battery, precisely, labeled, order produce, voltage source, difference potential, positive charge, capacitor, series connection, capacitor voltage, practical applications, values expression, connected parallel, power source, 19 shows] Internal Resistance emf, emfs, internal resistance, resistances, potential difference, internal, sources, voltage, load, flows
444 44 444_deuterostomes_protostomes_cleavage_mouth [deuterostomes, protostomes, cleavage, mouth, developmental, embryonic, gut, coelom, mesoderm, opening, anus, archenteron, fate, primitive, cavity, symmetrical, spiral, clades, develops, eucoelomate, blastomeres, radial, formation, undergo, embryo, bilaterally symmetrical, bilaterally, chordata, figure 27, stage, site, body cavity, forms, embryos, embryonic development, echinoderms, early, chordates, including, meaning, organization, differ, word, differences, characteristics including, develop, process called, comes greek, complex animals, alimentary canal] Cleavage deuterostomes, protostomes, cleavage, mouth, developmental, embryonic, gut, coelom, mesoderm, opening
445 43 445_yeasts_yeast_signaling_wine [yeasts, yeast, signaling, wine, signaling molecule, kinases, fermentation, wild, strains, bread, mating, single celled, 000 years, signaling cascades, celled, molecule called, work jon, beer, 130, life forms, jon sullivan, sullivan, human cells, cascades, baking, cheese, jon, celled organisms, surface receptors, culture, humans, proteins, eukaryotic, budding, multicellular, multicellular organisms, industry, cell surface, communicate, organisms, 000, began, releasing, milk, export, ended, cell produces, alcohol, factor binds, sake] Yeast yeasts, yeast, signaling, wine, signaling molecule, kinases, fermentation, wild, strains, bread
446 43 446_eukarya_archaea_domains_ancestor [eukarya, archaea, domains, ancestor, common ancestor, eukaryotes, bacteria archaea, bacteria, woese, domain, prokaryotes, phylogenetic, diverged, life evolved, kingdoms, proposes, archaea bacteria, eukaryotic, evolved, eukaryotic cells, descended, life, lineages, comprises, evolution, pool, tree, common, carl, extant, proposed, living organisms, animalia, plantae, 22 11, primitive, comparative, cell walls, rooted, precursors, conclude, living, descendants, figure 20, life cycle, institute, fossil, lake, fossil record, communities] Domain eukarya, archaea, domains, ancestor, common ancestor, eukaryotes, bacteria archaea, bacteria, woese, domain
447 43 447_series circuit_circuit_ac_inductor [series circuit, circuit, ac, inductor, voltage current, voltage, ac voltage, resistor, voltage applied, series, phase, current, reactance, capacitor, inductors, fourth, figure 23, follows, resonant frequency, source voltage, inductive, 23, power delivered, circuits, 23 12, resonant, applied, voltage source, resistors, delivered, preceding section, capacitor voltage, inductive reactance, applied capacitor, leads, circuit figure, cycle, angle, capacitors, voltage capacitor, source, frequency, definitions, resistance, versus, ohm law, ohm, preceding, exactly, driving] Series Circuit series circuit, circuit, ac, inductor, voltage current, voltage, ac voltage, resistor, voltage applied, series
448 43 448_law thermodynamics_thermodynamics_internal energy_internal [law thermodynamics, thermodynamics, internal energy, internal, second law, change internal, heat engines, law, engines, energy sum, state, 15, heat, efficiency, second, thermodynamics states, introduction, sum kinetic, internal kinetic, heat flow, heat engine, heat transfer, initial state, work internal, transfer, energy depends, transfer doing, processes, kinetic potential, kinetic, net heat, energy state, heat work, engine, transfer work, kinetic energies, sum, energy, cyclical, atomic molecular, returns, simple, doing work, expressions, work, figure 15, net work, impossible, spontaneously, reached] Internal Energy law thermodynamics, thermodynamics, internal energy, internal, second law, change internal, heat engines, law, engines, energy sum
449 43 449_internal energy_heat transfer_internal_change internal [internal energy, heat transfer, internal, change internal, transfer, net heat, heat, transfer work, 00, heat work, work, transfer occurs, work internal, energy heat, work heat, net, transfer heat, 150, transit, energy total, heat transfers, unavailable, work input, transfers, work work, doing, work energy, total work, energy, energy does, stored, change, doing work, does work, net work, occurs, total, work takes, energy completely, say, minus, equation shown, sum, body internal, temperature higher, energy stored, steps, completely different, energy energy, lowest] Internal Energy internal energy, heat transfer, internal, change internal, transfer, net heat, heat, transfer work, 00, heat work
450 43 450_38___ [38, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 38 38, , , , , , , , ,
451 42 451_area volume_volume ratio_surface area_contractile [area volume, volume ratio, surface area, contractile, vacuoles, vacuole, cell size, paramecium, water cell, area, size, cell, cube, volume, advantages, surface, ratio, nih scale, bursting, microorganisms, confer, cell wall, sphere, central, nih, increases, microscopy, die, spherical, bright, bar data, scale bar, matt russell, data matt, russell, cell membrane, located outside, leaves cell, niaid nih, use today, size large, matt, decreases, squeeze, cell concentration, niaid, osmotic, cytoplasm cell, vary size, shrink] Area/Volume area volume, volume ratio, surface area, contractile, vacuoles, vacuole, cell size, paramecium, water cell, area
452 42 452_spark_lightning_storm_humid [spark, lightning, storm, humid, electric field, electric, static electricity, clouds, chapters, field, plates, earth, sky, electricity, insulating, jump, electrical, flying, static, fields, electric fields, charged particles, weather, air, earth earth, weather conditions, ionization produced, energy particles, bits, nc, field near, carpet, storms, phenomena, created, altitudes, wool, devoted, charges, surrounding, building, carry current, ignite, electricity magnetism, perpendicular earth, field figure, electromagnetism, jumps, direction figure, figure 18] Lightning spark, lightning, storm, humid, electric field, electric, static electricity, clouds, chapters, field
453 42 453_defense_herbivores_venus_spines [defense, herbivores, venus, spines, defenses, insect, predators, modified leaves, plants, leaves, modified, insects, mechanisms, toxic, toxins, predator, elicit, attract, metabolites, capture, hairs, trap, volatile, predation, animals plants, pathogens, plant, trigger, digest, kill, mechanical, animals, branches, different set, acorn, responses, resulting increase, play major, major difference, brushes, developed, unlike animals, prey, toxic chemicals, strategies, vomiting, levels increase, defend, nausea, figure 31] Defense mechanisms defense, herbivores, venus, spines, defenses, insect, predators, modified leaves, plants, leaves
454 42 454_unified_forces_guts_grand [unified, forces, guts, grand, manifestations, basic forces, attempts, connections, electromagnetic force, universe, electric magnetic, intimately, theories, distinct, weak nuclear, particle physics, indistinguishable, gut, making connections, circumstances, extremely high, theory, 19th century, tied, 19th, early, symmetric, nuclear forces, basic, 33, prove, electromagnetic, weak, extreme, successful, conditions, underlying, anticipated, fundamental, connected, century scientists, elementary particles, certain circumstances, inclusion, proven, force magnetic, inspiration, forces learning, atomic scale, smaller smaller] Grand Forces unified, forces, guts, grand, manifestations, basic forces, attempts, connections, electromagnetic force, universe
455 42 455_incline_slope_friction_snow [incline, slope, friction, snow, coefficient, angle horizontal, makes angle, coefficient friction, normal force, parallel, frictionless, slide, final speed, angle, axes, dimensional problem, shown left, perpendicular, weight, horizontal, axis parallel, perpendicular axes, acceleration object, wood, acceleration, kinetic, force perpendicular, perpendicular surface, heading, object, normal, makes, initial speed, project, figure 37, regardless, substituting, wet, figure 12, slid, zero acceleration, air resistance, greater greater, hand equation, motion friction, slopes, convenient, negligibly small, speed time, law gives] Friction incline, slope, friction, snow, coefficient, angle horizontal, makes angle, coefficient friction, normal force, parallel
456 42 456_64_105_102_116 [64, 105, 102, 116, 115, 146, 1300, hg, 120, pages, consider, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] The label for this topic is 'Pages'. 64, 105, 102, 116, 115, 146, 1300, hg, 120, pages
457 42 457_rotational_kinematics_rotational motion_translational [rotational, kinematics, rotational motion, translational, rotation, quantities, kinematic, solving strategy, kinematic equations, table 10, motion, problem solving, dynamics, solving, linear, velocity angular, equations, acceleration time, initial values, angle angular, analogies, strategy, analogous, rotation angle, relationships, problem, steps problem, explicitly follow, follow steps, presented, angular velocity, physical quantities, explicitly, describes, angular, making connections, defined follows, values average, time equation, aspects, angular acceleration, motion learning, expressed equation, derive, solve, motion example, need consider, velocity defined, depending type, strategy solve] Rotational motion rotational, kinematics, rotational motion, translational, rotation, quantities, kinematic, solving strategy, kinematic equations, table 10
458 42 458_65_79_frank_following information [65, 79, frank, following information, adult, typical, numbers, information, credit, following, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Numbers 65, 79, frank, following information, adult, typical, numbers, information, credit, following
459 42 459_leaves_trees_tree_adaptations [leaves, trees, tree, adaptations, thrive, plant species, plants, branches, sunlight, enable, nest, drought, tall, coastal, maximize, survival, forest, reach, selective, branch, snow, fall, overcome, rich, chances survival, figure 30, plant, capture, nutrients oxygen, low light, capture sunlight, height, trees grow, adaptations allow, respond environmental, urban, specific conditions, gravitational pull, different rates, nests, tree branch, tall trees, important source, quiet, nutrients, nutrients soil, terrestrial plants, ornamental, 116, stems leaves] Adaptations of plants leaves, trees, tree, adaptations, thrive, plant species, plants, branches, sunlight, enable
460 42 460_free body_body diagram_external forces_forces acting [free body, body diagram, external forces, forces acting, acting, external, diagram, forces, free, draw, diagrams, draw free, body, forces act, cancel, external force, forces shown, diagram showing, force acts, diagram shows, vertical components, outside, showing, horizontal vertical, components, newton, force acting, newton laws, act, sketch, force, net force, newton second, line motion, forces figure, applied object, clearly, motion note, given example, acceleration velocity, arrows represent, figure example, internal, information given, intuitive, directly affect, apply newton, notion, using newton, body body] Free Body free body, body diagram, external forces, forces acting, acting, external, diagram, forces, free, draw
461 41 461_dinoflagellates_protists_diatoms_figure 23 [dinoflagellates, protists, diatoms, figure 23, nutrition, producers, 23, marine, food chain, dinoflagellate, primary producers, range size, protist, organisms figure, freshwater marine, plankton, food, food sources, heterotrophic, essential, contribute, exhibit, photosynthetic, indirectly, aquatic, web, sources, organisms, organic materials, 23 21, breaking, called red, videos, glassy, trillions, species marine, freshwater, serve, blue color, routes, red color, following way, large body, nutrients soil, explosions, great diversity, using light, aquatic species, organic, chain] Dinoflagellates dinoflagellates, protists, diatoms, figure 23, nutrition, producers, 23, marine, food chain, dinoflagellate
462 41 462_conifers_trees_dominated_shrubs [conifers, trees, dominated, shrubs, forests, forest, wood, figure 44, 44, cold, seasonal, high altitudes, altitudes, mediterranean, pulp, tracheids, broad, lying, dry, pine, leaves, retain, vegetation, advantage, tree, biome, paper, biomass, tall, weather, layer figure, like leaves, vessel, include familiar, leaved, trees grow, growth figure, needle like, tall trees, summers, molecular analysis, nitrogen soil, destroying, plants, disadvantage, winters, dormant, round, fires, low levels] Conifers conifers, trees, dominated, shrubs, forests, forest, wood, figure 44, 44, cold
463 41 463_floor_terminal_velocity just_velocity [floor, terminal, velocity just, velocity, calculate velocity, maximum height, air resistance, reach velocity, way calculate, jumps, hitting, ms, calculate acceleration, lasts, reach, motionless, jump, average force, contact, football, long, resistance, arrow, hit, leaves, ground, final velocity, reached, air, calculate, reach maximum, ground assuming, attempting, moving fast, reaches, height, water 00, velocity person, speed calculate, velocity does, calculate initial, maximum, just, short distance, near center, neglecting air, does need, speed average, feet, opponent] Velocity floor, terminal, velocity just, velocity, calculate velocity, maximum height, air resistance, reach velocity, way calculate, jumps
464 41 464_butane_ethylene_propane_benzene [butane, ethylene, propane, benzene, ether, gasoline, fuels, anesthetic, acetylene, octane, ethanol, hydrocarbon, industrial, chemicals, fuel, hydrogen carbon, compounds used, diethyl ether, lighter, methyl, diethyl, propene, hydrocarbons, ethene, liquid state, petroleum, used, commercially, widely used, manufactured, volatile, suited, compartment, ethyl, compressed, condensation, compounds, containing hydrogen, widely, broken smaller, additive, important industrial, following sequence, waxes, prepared, standard temperature, diesel, volatile liquid, compounds following, produced] Fuels butane, ethylene, propane, benzene, ether, gasoline, fuels, anesthetic, acetylene, octane
465 41 465_citric acid_citric_acid cycle_acetyl [citric acid, citric, acid cycle, acetyl, pyruvate, cycle, acid, pathway, glycolysis, group, catabolism, carboxyl, amino, amino acids, pyruvic, pyruvic acid, molecule form, coenzyme, molecule, compound called, presence oxygen, nadh, group carbon, picked, dehydrogenase, glucose catabolism, releasing, carbon, removed, carboxyl group, step, carbon dioxide, glucose molecule, transformed, catabolic, intermediate, dioxide, pathways, biochemical, acids, energy electrons, entry, connect, conversion, isocitrate, oxygen available, cycle carbon, presence, glucose, ketoglutarate] Acid cycle citric acid, citric, acid cycle, acetyl, pyruvate, cycle, acid, pathway, glycolysis, group
466 41 466_lattice_kj mol_ionic_kj [lattice, kj mol, ionic, kj, born, energies, ionic solid, mol, compound, ionic compound, compound following, energies calculated, dissociation, naf, cation anion, following pairs, negative ions, cycle, ions, ionic bonds, li, enthalpy, convention, cesium, energy, ionic compounds, calculated, values, calculated using, crystal, larger, solid, cation, nonmetal, strength, charges, energy required, positive negative, anion, nacl, doubling, involved formation, possible measure, shorter, separate, typically, fluoride, equation derived, depends type, energy values] Lattice lattice, kj mol, ionic, kj, born, energies, ionic solid, mol, compound, ionic compound
467 41 467_rotational kinetic_rotational_kinetic energy_kinetic [rotational kinetic, rotational, kinetic energy, kinetic, translational, translational kinetic, work energy, rotational motion, direction motion, motion gravitation, motion, energy, energy work, inertia, revisited, moment inertia, energy does, kinetic energies, angular velocity, analogous, direction space, gravitation, uniform circular, substituting known, moment, gives solution, known values, does depend, check understanding, circular motion, angular, leg, form energy, energy associated, analogy, values equation, energy given, equation gives, work, energies, substituting, uniform, making connections, example used, contain energy, line motion, energy completely, 21 calculate, expression, understanding] Rotational kinetic rotational kinetic, rotational, kinetic energy, kinetic, translational, translational kinetic, work energy, rotational motion, direction motion, motion gravitation
468 41 468_chromosomes_set_gametes_sets [chromosomes, set, gametes, sets, diploid, number chromosomes, matched, chromosome, gamete, 2n, homologous, copies, somatic, homologous chromosomes, diploid cell, paternal, haploid, offspring, maternal, number chromosome, parent, chromosome sets, somatic cell, contributor, pairs, somatic cells, sperm, reproductive cells, metaphase, human, sex chromosomes, human cells, chromosome number, designated, cells contain, sex, metaphase plate, 23, haploid cells, organism, female, 46, orientation, inherited, meiosis, egg, cell containing, body cell, haploid cell, male] Set of chromosomes chromosomes, set, gametes, sets, diploid, number chromosomes, matched, chromosome, gamete, 2n
469 41 469_click view_view content_click_content https [click view, view content, click, content https, https, https openstax, content, view, openstax, openstax org, org, http openstax, http, website, trends, video http, link learning, link, learning view, watch video, select, article, taste, gov, learning website, view animation, review, watch, discussed section, video, learn, online, animation https, talk, learning explore, tab, demonstration, mimicry, website https, learning, interactive, animation, briefly, visit, want, lab, faraday, topic, learned, try] Click view click view, view content, click, content https, https, https openstax, content, view, openstax, openstax org
470 41 470_weightlessness_acceleration gravity_astronauts_gravity [weightlessness, acceleration gravity, astronauts, gravity, space station, astronaut, gravity earth, station, acceleration, microgravity, falling, orbit, falling objects, free fall, apparent, space, earth, satellite, weightless, gravitational, international, gravitational field, says, rotating, keeps, motionless, massless, moon, fall, aircraft, object, earth surface, downward, accelerating, interesting situations, effects gravity, said, earth earth, objects called, objects, speak, gravity acceleration, objects motion, gravitational force, trained, spacecraft, free, experience, recall, underneath] Weightlessness weightlessness, acceleration gravity, astronauts, gravity, space station, astronaut, gravity earth, station, acceleration, microgravity
471 41 471_vsepr_vsepr theory_electron density_bond angle [vsepr, vsepr theory, electron density, bond angle, theory, bond, electron pair, lone, pairs, bonds lone, geometries, lone pairs, electron, predicts, regions electron, bonds, pair, angle, experimental evidence, regions, cl, central atom, valence, bond angles, angle angle, density, triple bond, repulsions, bond theory, valence bond, count, region, predict molecular, molecular structure, counts, atom bond, valence shell, hybrid, polarity, bonding, predict, regions high, orbital, angles, triple, hybrid orbital, high electron, multiple bonds, single double, shell electron] VSEPR Theory vsepr, vsepr theory, electron density, bond angle, theory, bond, electron pair, lone, pairs, bonds lone
472 41 472_recombinant_dna_conjugation_cloning [recombinant, dna, conjugation, cloning, chromosomal dna, dna fragment, foreign, ti, insert, bacterial, fragment, genes, molecular cloning, antibiotic, dna molecules, chromosomal, genome, transformation, recipient, host, bacterium, transferred, colony, prokaryotes, manipulate, exchange, transfer, scientists, prokaryote, genomic, different species, genetic material, vectors, bacteria, coli, researchers, desired, independently, antibiotics, tumor, transfers, bridge, resistance, occur nature, common method, express, genetic, scientists discovered, pili, composite] Recombinant DNA recombinant, dna, conjugation, cloning, chromosomal dna, dna fragment, foreign, ti, insert, bacterial
473 41 473_42___ [42, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 42 42, , , , , , , , ,
474 41 474_kinetic energy_kinetic_initial kinetic_energy object [kinetic energy, kinetic, initial kinetic, energy object, energy, calculate kinetic, energy motion, mass speed, speed given, ke, speed, final, energy form, compare, come, initial, kilograms, moving, total kinetic, solution initial, relative position, metabolic rates, increase kinetic, moving fast, constant example, does increase, energy proportional, use value, rotations, greater initial, objects motion, energy values, gain, proportional speed, energy strategy, mass kilograms, energy energy, speed limit, takes energy, objects moving, energy second, energy solution, deep ocean, change kinetic, large mass, energy zero, value given, speeding, example type, energy greater] Kinetic Energy kinetic energy, kinetic, initial kinetic, energy object, energy, calculate kinetic, energy motion, mass speed, speed given, ke
475 41 475_40___ [40, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 40 40, , , , , , , , ,
476 40 476_microstates_number microstates_macrostate_boxes [microstates, number microstates, macrostate, boxes, distributions, probable, box, particles, probability, locations, configuration, ratio number, number ways, figure 16, probability finding, number, considering, corresponding, possible, atom molecule, total number, equally, distributed, assumption, freedom, number possible, possible example, roughly equal, purity, molecules make, results greater, distribution, ways, sequence called, result different, shared, finding, energies atoms, similar figure, 16, statistics, number particles, exponentially, greater number, particle, proportional number, correspondingly, likely occur, evenly distributed, immense] Microstate microstates, number microstates, macrostate, boxes, distributions, probable, box, particles, probability, locations
477 40 477_field strength_strength_magnetic field_field [field strength, strength, magnetic field, field, electromagnetic wave, magnetic, peak, maximum, field strengths, maximum electric, electromagnetic, wave, strengths, electric field, electric, intensity, given entering, known use, strength magnetic, electric magnetic, strength electric, rearrange equation, calculate maximum, entering, rearrange, microwaves, entering known, values gives, right hand, si unit, given power, algebraic manipulation, 1856, relationship, fingers direction, outgoing, easiest way, field calculate, use equations, produce significant, mathematical relationship, force magnetic, terms, entering expression, strength needed, moving magnetic, weak, relatively weak, given maximum, produced currents] Magnetic Field field strength, strength, magnetic field, field, electromagnetic wave, magnetic, peak, maximum, field strengths, maximum electric
478 40 478_field lines_lines_field_field line [field lines, lines, field, field line, magnetic field, magnetic, point space, fields, pictorial, tangent, magnetic fields, compass, direction magnetic, line, beginning end, entity, defined direction, direction, direction field, continuous, cross, space, location, electric field, 22, rules, represents, representation, tool, electric, map, represent, figure 22, loops, beginning, related physical, points figure, point direction, direction space, useful visualizing, symbols used, completes, parallel field, direction note, use magnetic, concentrating, qualitatively, exploration, field magnetic, field shown] Field lines field lines, lines, field, field line, magnetic field, magnetic, point space, fields, pictorial, tangent
479 40 479_nucleoid_circular chromosome_chromosome_eukaryotic [nucleoid, circular chromosome, chromosome, eukaryotic, circular, chromosomes, dna, eukaryotes, packing, double stranded, linear, prokaryotes, single, fit, consists single, linear chromosomes, chromosomal dna, nucleus, central region, stranded, chromosomal, packaged, cell nucleus, genome, region, dna molecules, staining, dna molecule, eukaryote, figure 14, number chromosomes, distinguished, stranded dna, eukaryotic cell, chromatin, prokaryote, consists, organized, figure 10, organization, eukaryotic cells, double, typical human, cell, contains dna, cell wall, species specific, bacteria, dna cell, times longer] Circular chromosome nucleoid, circular chromosome, chromosome, eukaryotic, circular, chromosomes, dna, eukaryotes, packing, double stranded
480 40 480_does work_help explain_explain happens_explain [does work, help explain, explain happens, explain, happens, happen, possible, does, explanation, explain reason, reason, injection, happening, does imply, regularly, explanations, occur, help, suggest, imply, works, causes, observation, prevents, phenomenon, knowledge, work, treatment, helps, condition, prevent, occurs, discuss, likely, behavior, fact, inside, way, 30, determine, reaction, , , , , , , , , ] Explanation does work, help explain, explain happens, explain, happens, happen, possible, does, explanation, explain reason
481 40 481_mimicry_predators_warning_toxic [mimicry, predators, warning, toxic, toxic chemicals, figure 45, prey, harmless, eat, chemicals, predator, allows animal, venomous, tasting, multiple species, species share, 45, participate, eaten, avoid, escapes, snake, taste, defenses, predation, frogs, share, harmful, bright, species, credit modification, risk, bony fish, animals live, linda, share similar, species use, lets, frank, exchanges, concerning, hummingbirds, stinging, animals including, learn, exposing, species evolved, modification work, tonicity, attempted] Toxic Predators mimicry, predators, warning, toxic, toxic chemicals, figure 45, prey, harmless, eat, chemicals
482 40 482_law gravitation_newton universal_gravitation_universal law [law gravitation, newton universal, gravitation, universal law, universal, cavendish, newton, gravitational, gravitational force, gravity, joining, attraction, law, masses, torsion, newton law, universally, attracts, galileo, experiment, situations, thought, centers, fall, spheres, apparatus, particle, universe, observation, constant determined, force using, greater smaller, effects gravity, used examine, twisting, einstein, used explore, sub, tried, earth gravitational, experience, mediates, parts billion, spherical shape, eric, force attraction, distance centers, constant given, using newton, examine] Universal Law of Gravitation law gravitation, newton universal, gravitation, universal law, universal, cavendish, newton, gravitational, gravitational force, gravity
483 40 483_vitamins_carbohydrates_soluble_dietary [vitamins, carbohydrates, soluble, dietary, diet, fat, water soluble, vitamin, diets, lipid, lipid soluble, small quantities, carbohydrate, rich, table 34, foods, precursors, macromolecules, fats, soluble water, source energy, ingredient, bread, enzymes, sources, aid, complex carbohydrates, different animals, protein fat, term storage, food consumed, human diet, cereals, types molecules, lose, aged, capsules, important functions, lobsters, required, health, serve, function properly, coenzyme, absorption, molecules required, forms compounds, provide energy, people, shrimp] Vitamins and Nutrients vitamins, carbohydrates, soluble, dietary, diet, fat, water soluble, vitamin, diets, lipid
484 40 484_coal_steam_fired_efficiency [coal, steam, fired, efficiency, power plant, turbines, generator, stations, station, natural gas, power, electrical energy, electricity, used generate, burning, shaft, electrical, heat, blades, generating, generate, turn, heat transfer, house, power plants, transfer, energy output, furnace, mw, electrical power, electric power, transfer environment, oil, generators, powered, thermal energy, spins, plant, nuclear power, drives, conventional, natural, chemical energy, condensed, turns, mechanical energy, used drive, connected, improvement, surroundings] Coal-fired Power Plant coal, steam, fired, efficiency, power plant, turbines, generator, stations, station, natural gas
485 40 485_93_94_96_92 [93, 94, 96, 92, 95, ft, london, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] **93, 94, 9 93, 94, 96, 92, 95, ft, london, , ,
486 40 486_coil_coils_figure 23_magnetic flux [coil, coils, figure 23, magnetic flux, current induced, flux, 23, magnetic, magnetic field, field, bar magnet, magnet, torsion, induced, 54, 53, moved, referring, perpendicular, field strength, rotates, bar, wire, wish, strength, area, current, 56, zero, draw diagram, reverses direction, wish consider, brushes, area figure, angle perpendicular, produces different, 23 24, called magnetic, field zero, quantity called, strength magnetic, instructor wish, direction, current passes, current wire, diagram showing, perpendicular plane, reverses, increases, field produced] Magnetic Flux coil, coils, figure 23, magnetic flux, current induced, flux, 23, magnetic, magnetic field, field
487 39 487_table_pol_shown table_consult [table, pol, shown table, consult, examples, summarized table, table 15, table 13, table 14, summarized, provided table, given table, table 33, values table, table 12, guide, table 11, 14, note table, exactly equal, subshell, key components, table 22, table 30, demonstrated example, representative values, integration, table 19, rubidium, table 16, values given, table 25, relations, 33, tables, justify, 10 11, data table, provided, summarizes, sort, using data, nomenclature, rows, strangeness, columns, page, 82, lists, shown] Table table, pol, shown table, consult, examples, summarized table, table 15, table 13, table 14, summarized
488 39 488_68_70__ [68, 70, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Sure, the label for this topic is "68" and "70". 68, 70, , , , , , , ,
489 39 489_macronutrients_essential_nutrients_trace [macronutrients, essential, nutrients, trace, soybeans, amounts, elements, ca, mg, perform function, hydrogen oxygen, peanuts, require, required, element, element element, large amounts, nutrition, potassium calcium, regarded, oxygen nitrogen, chemical composition, criteria, beans, magnesium, potassium, plants, agricultural, small amounts, na, phosphorus, important, calcium, carbon hydrogen, assemblage, handful, plant, inorganic, bodily functions, elements present, plants learning, organisms require, obtain nutrients, levels protein, sulfur, sodium na, plants plant, seeks, light water, elements carbon] Macronutrients macronutrients, essential, nutrients, trace, soybeans, amounts, elements, ca, mg, perform function
490 39 490_physical chemical_physical_credit left_modification work [physical chemical, physical, credit left, modification work, modification, physical change, credit right, properties, middle modification, chemical properties, change chemical, chemical, credit, right modification, changes physical, credit modification, chemical change, physical properties, flickr, matter, work, melting, commons credit, flickr credit, change, wikimedia commons, chemical physical, classify following, alessandro, wikimedia, commons, hardness, classify, properties matter, work john, middle, credit photo, chemical changes, physical changes, chemical composition, burning, photo modification, physical state, left, changes, john, examples, changing, photo, property] Physical Change physical chemical, physical, credit left, modification work, modification, physical change, credit right, properties, middle modification, chemical properties
491 39 491_formal_charges_lewis_charge atom [formal, charges, lewis, charge atom, lewis structure, preferable, charge, guideline, lewis structures, arrangement atoms, resonance, structure, structures, nonzero, atom, arrangement, charge ion, atom molecule, write lewis, electronegative, sum, zero, preferred, resonance structures, molecule ion, molecule, subtract, assign, molecular structure, hypothetical, assigned, considerations, example calculating, double bonds, atoms molecule, determine, atoms, determining, ion, number atoms, center, structure carbon, atom lewis, molecule solution, contains nitrogen, calculating, nonbonding electrons, does indicate, charge note, clno] Charges formal, charges, lewis, charge atom, lewis structure, preferable, charge, guideline, lewis structures, arrangement atoms
492 39 492_zone_ocean_oceanic_realm [zone, ocean, oceanic, realm, figure 44, 44, lakes, nutrients, zones, deepest, fall, extends, dead, nutrients oxygen, freshwater, spring, marine, categorized, beach, open, shelf, dead organisms, ocean floor, depletion, turnover, depths, 21, depleted, oceans, abiotic, die, nutrient, connection figure, people think, oxygen available, factor affecting, important process, oxygen, anoxic, deep, portion, depth, decomposing, deep ocean, rocky, lake, visual connection, primordial, tide, hostile] Zones zone, ocean, oceanic, realm, figure 44, 44, lakes, nutrients, zones, deepest
493 39 493_poles_pole_north_south [poles, pole, north, south, magnetic poles, north pole, magnetic, south pole, compass, magnet, seeking, magnets, geographic, bar magnet, possible isolate, repel, magnetism, experimentation, electromagnets, bar, attract, pairs, earth magnetic, isolate, unlike, universal, occur, impossible, separated, attracted, shields, exist, particles electrons, called magnetic, isolated, used explain, confusion, incorrectly, continue, near, misconception alert, 22, earth, alert, electrical current, wonder, fact, misconception, long distance, arises] Magnetic poles poles, pole, north, south, magnetic poles, north pole, magnetic, south pole, compass, magnet
494 39 494_starch_cellulose_glycogen_polysaccharide [starch, cellulose, glycogen, polysaccharide, polysaccharides, glucose, monomers, branched, linkages, monomer, chains, unbranched, comprise, polymers, granules, oh groups, glucose molecules, settle, sugars, form hydrogen, carbohydrates, shoot, specialized, hydrogen bonds, oh, complex carbohydrates, storage, densely, points figure, bonds link, molecules glucose, form strong, entire cell, root, store, like animals, lipids, simple sugars, similar structure, molecules attracted, return normal, figure 10, 10 shows, acids, animals use, ions inside, firmly, lack, hundreds thousands, figure illustrates] Polysaccharides starch, cellulose, glycogen, polysaccharide, polysaccharides, glucose, monomers, branched, linkages, monomer
495 39 495_period_animal_explosion_diversification [period, animal, explosion, diversification, million years, cleavage, paleozoic, era, history, million, evolutionary history, fossils, kingdom, years ago, ago, existed, animal species, phyla, symmetry, protostomes, marked, animal kingdom, body cavity, develops, animal body, years, evolutionary, today, date, 27, cavity, animals, animals true, rapid, mesoderm, appeared, pouches, body forms, figure 27, germ, took place, opening, emergence, coelom, debated, diversity, evolution, periods, differentiated, time period] Period period, animal, explosion, diversification, million years, cleavage, paleozoic, era, history, million
496 39 496_axon_action potential_axons_gaps [axon, action potential, axons, gaps, nodes, talk, action, signal, nerve impulse, propagation, insulating, insulator, conduction, nerve, neuron, impulse, nerves, insulated, potential, figure 35, multiple, terminals, energy input, travels, cross, figure 20, hillock, axon hillock, diseases like, signals, provides, explain effects, potential voltage, chemical environment, 20 24, moves faster, prevents, transmission, 28 shows, 35, regions, propagated, channels, cell energy, regenerate, regenerated, dissipation, inputs, autoimmune, electrical signal] Action Potential axon, action potential, axons, gaps, nodes, talk, action, signal, nerve impulse, propagation
497 39 497_em_em radiation_photons_photon [em, em radiation, photons, photon, radiation, wavelength, calculate frequency, wavelength photon, photon energies, photon energy, visible, calculate number, energy photon, ev, electromagnetic spectrum, modeled, spectrum, energies, monochromatic, wavelength frequency, em wave, frequency wavelength, light bulb, frequency, second, electromagnetic, 29, emitted, figure 29, characteristics, attributable, wavelengths, idea, consists large, energy average, numbers photons, spectrum electromagnetic, radiation absorbed, photons energy, time energy, given average, individual electrons, frequency energy, electromagnetic energy, bulb, photons having, insignificant, visible range, energy high, high intensity] Photon Energy em, em radiation, photons, photon, radiation, wavelength, calculate frequency, wavelength photon, photon energies, photon energy
498 39 498_merry_merry round_round_child [merry, merry round, round, child, angular velocity, riding, angular, edge, rotating, angular acceleration, father, rpm, box, away center, change angle, velocity angular, constant angular, rotate, 10 12, rev, ball, counterclockwise, path, straight, pushing, radius, increase decrease, right, dust, frame reference, figure 10, figure 15, curved, gets, moment inertia, center, velocity, slid, 16 15, acceleration, choose, suppose, moving straight, lets, follows, horses, directly away, acceleration example, inertia, energy considerations] Angular velocity merry, merry round, round, child, angular velocity, riding, angular, edge, rotating, angular acceleration
499 38 499_blue light_blue_far red_respond [blue light, blue, far red, respond, responses, light, plants, plant, touch, absorbing, red, affect plant, response, plant growth, bending, growth, light source, far, shade, covalently, growth development, directional, sophisticated, movements, chlorophyll, adapted, spectrum, aptly, wavelengths, stimuli, blue red, hormones affect, source figure, red blue, new location, respond environmental, __, receptors, relative concentrations, portion, sensors, light water, recent studies, wounds, defend, plant stem, light spectrum, charles darwin, plant figure, enriched] Blue light blue light, blue, far red, respond, responses, light, plants, plant, touch, absorbing
500 38 500_standing_standing waves_standing wave_waves [standing, standing waves, standing wave, waves, string, wave, dimensional, nodes, vibrating, tube, closed end, node, milk, strings, reflections, amplitude, wave interference, fourth, closed, refrigerator, length, glass, wavelength, figure shows, instruments, end, lies, like wave, fundamental, 10 superposition, points figure, maximum, volume figure, lowest, possible use, 37 figure, created, pages 16, pipes, fixed, points, musical instruments, interference, constrained, ends, lowest energy, 16 10, musical, later chapters, looks like] Standing Waves standing, standing waves, standing wave, waves, string, wave, dimensional, nodes, vibrating, tube
501 38 501_magnesium_sodium_electrolysis_sea water [magnesium, sodium, electrolysis, sea water, sodium chloride, chloride, seawater, molten, sodium ions, used production, times higher, 18 10, sea, brilliant, oxide, production, metal, alloys, sodium metal, reduction, preparation, isolated, burns, high temperatures, white, elemental, aqueous, metallic, burning, serves, process leads, conditions used, electrode, metals, white solid, industrial production, takes advantage, cell shown, following sequence, cathode, grams, yield, mass kilograms, parts million, general chemistry, sodium na, possible isolate, sahar, silicates, possible use] Electrolysis of Seawater magnesium, sodium, electrolysis, sea water, sodium chloride, chloride, seawater, molten, sodium ions, used production
502 38 502_marble_ruler_bowl_cup [marble, ruler, bowl, cup, home experiment, home, rim, experiment, roll, terminal speed, positions, cm, plot, 10 cm, forever, rolls, terminal, kinetic energy, rolling, steel, kinetic, trapped, dropped, drop, moves, surface example, letting, force just, energy proportional, viscosities, calculate initial, dashed line, glass, partially filled, place, basin, versus distance, kitchen, foam, ball, energy release, shaped like, spoon, cylinder, viscous fluid, different sizes, cans, proportional, stiff, proportional mass] Marble Roll Experiment marble, ruler, bowl, cup, home experiment, home, rim, experiment, roll, terminal speed
503 38 503_underwater_dive_buoyancy_depths [underwater, dive, buoyancy, depths, ears, air, depth, pressure, pool, pockets, pressure changes, compressed, ascending, descent, air inhaled, sinks, instructor, training, sickness, gases, bends, ambient, diving, uncontrolled, inhaled, breathe, bubbles, compress, swimming, chemistry everyday, adding, everyday life, oxygen, dissolved, pressures, therapy, ocean, avoid, 11 11, breathing, breathed, pressure gases, relatively slow, increases volume, 51, normally, barrier, risk, inadequate, belly] Buoyancy underwater, dive, buoyancy, depths, ears, air, depth, pressure, pool, pockets
504 38 504_gauge pressure_gauge_absolute pressure_atmospheric pressure [gauge pressure, gauge, absolute pressure, atmospheric pressure, pressure, absolute, atmospheric, pressure pressure, 11 14, pressure greater, figure 11, pressures, 11, read, pressure figure, negative, measurement, psi, manometer, tire, reading, use today, corresponds, negative negative, sum, height, positive, 30 32, positive figure, balloon, column, readout, 33 shows, calibrated, peanut, pressure does, 18 11, 13 shows, positive pressure, negative pressure, used work, example figure, zero, pressure weight, smallest possible, user, fluid, ignore, weight fluid, mechanical] Gauge Pressure gauge pressure, gauge, absolute pressure, atmospheric pressure, pressure, absolute, atmospheric, pressure pressure, 11 14, pressure greater
505 37 505_irradiation_food_doses_foods [irradiation, food, doses, foods, spoil, term effects, gy, low level, dose, safety, chemically, radicals, preserved, controversial, ionizing radiation, long term, term, radiation, ionizing, low, treatment, destroy, effects, organization, microorganisms, countries, exposes, 32, food consumed, lettuce, approved, low high, number people, afterward, electrons used, seeks, high water, labeling, sterilization, 1000, kitchen, owing fact, exposing, untreated, radiation used, diets, 1980s, consuming, measurable, rays rays] Radiation and Food Doses irradiation, food, doses, foods, spoil, term effects, gy, low level, dose, safety
506 37 506_simulation_simulation http_http openstax_http [simulation, simulation http, http openstax, http, interactive, openstax org, openstax, org, simulator, tab, build, simulator http, phet, click, link learning, link, rates, select, learning click, explore, open, molecule, hydrogens, reset, repeat exercise, bc, real, view, learning view, boxes, learning, carbons, exercise, use, enable, polarity, repeat, shape, freedom, ion effect, reactions, simulations, pause, molecular shape, molecular motion, complete following, using molecular, perform following, lattice structure, states matter] Simulation simulation, simulation http, http openstax, http, interactive, openstax org, openstax, org, simulator, tab
507 37 507_dipole_moment_moments_bond moments [dipole, moment, moments, bond moments, dipoles, bond, electronegativity, difference electronegativity, bond bond, electronegative, polarity, electronegative atom, molecular, molecule, polar, diatomic molecules, separation charge, molecular structure, molecules, separation, molecules ions, trigonal, diatomic, nonpolar, molecules high, having direction, identical molecules, arranged, molecules use, sum, measures, direction point, predict molecular, difference, symmetry, molecules polar, point opposite, molecule molecular, determined, determine molecular, molecules small, indicate direction, electronegativities, electronegativity difference, magnitude, greek letter, atoms bond, taking account, comparable, net charge] Dipole dipole, moment, moments, bond moments, dipoles, bond, electronegativity, difference electronegativity, bond bond, electronegative
508 37 508_ruler_finger_fingers_restoring force [ruler, finger, fingers, restoring force, restoring, victim, plastic, equilibrium position, hand, greater force, tape, tendons, friend, oscillates, drop, deformation, figure 16, oscillations, muscles, midpoint, comes rest, protrudes, position, frictional forces, involuntarily, original position, stronger, wooden, farther apart, lasting, close, closes, hold, measure time, force displacement, firmly, ends, spider, force, danger, catch, unbalanced, let, wrist, consider example, force causes, roll, time period, little, bad] Equilibrium position ruler, finger, fingers, restoring force, restoring, victim, plastic, equilibrium position, hand, greater force
509 37 509_molecular formula_formula_formula compound_compound [molecular formula, formula, formula compound, compound, compound formula, molecular, benzene, atoms molecular, compound contains, compound molecular, hydrogen atoms, carbon atoms, compound composed, contains, atoms oxygen, contains carbon, determination, atoms, oxygen atoms, experimentally, question, carbon hydrogen, hydrogen, different compounds, provides example, molecule, information needed, hcch, hydrogen carbon, chemical symbols, atoms example, slugs, needed make, elements carbon, yttrium, responding, compound compound, additional information, later section, discussed previously, propene, determine molecular, determined experimentally, pyramidal, nonlinear, atoms hydrogen, hydrated, equation representing, molecule contains, molecules called] Molecular Formula molecular formula, formula, formula compound, compound, compound formula, molecular, benzene, atoms molecular, compound contains, compound molecular
510 37 510_blood pressure_systolic_pressure_blood [blood pressure, systolic, pressure, blood, pressure blood, blood flow, arterial, pressures, measured, pressure common, various parts, medical, arterial blood, heartbeat, measuring, 120, parts body, valuable, heard, indicators, optimal, bladder, flow, heart, manometer, person, figure 40, noting, measure, phase, restrict, resume, method determining, measures, arteries, pressure example, blood velocity, graphed figure, measuring device, inserting, technician, 15 shows, cycle figure, monitored, prepares, slowly, minimum, vessels, flows, mm hg] Blood Pressure blood pressure, systolic, pressure, blood, pressure blood, blood flow, arterial, pressures, measured, pressure common
511 37 511_extreme_environments_life earth_prokaryotes [extreme, environments, life earth, prokaryotes, mats, archaea, harsh, earliest, microbial, bacteria archaea, billion years, dead sea, fossils, earth, moderate, billion, bacteria, billions years, conditions, survive, life, fossilized, scientists believe, adapted, national park, existed, depths, billions, record, park, dead, believe, volcanic, years, springs, forms, organisms, geological, years ago, appeared, ago, represent, live, dinosaurs, plants animals, appear, grow, microorganisms, bar data, 22] Extreme Environments extreme, environments, life earth, prokaryotes, mats, archaea, harsh, earliest, microbial, bacteria archaea
512 37 512_patient_brain_patients_technology [patient, brain, patients, technology, surgery, computer, arm, communicate, interface, tongue, stroke, damaged, tasks, nervous, require, electrodes, advances, medications, problems, read, medical, memories, malfunctions, advancements, thoughts, contains specific, disorders, presumably, prescribe, gov, assistance, medical school, learning website, intellectual, past decades, internet, figure 35, record, 2013, hand, specialize, bleeding, physicians, form new, science fiction, suffered, suspected, academic, control, allows] Patient-Brain Interaction patient, brain, patients, technology, surgery, computer, arm, communicate, interface, tongue
513 37 513_potential difference_potential_potential energy_difference [potential difference, potential, potential energy, difference, electric potential, electrical potential, change potential, charge moved, potential potential, potential electric, charge, electric, voltage, energy charge, unit charge, electrical, energy unit, volt, moved, difference potential, defined change, going, alessandro, relationship, charge energy, reaction produces, point point, energy potential, drop, points, charge electric, test charge, coulomb, energy given, divided, defined, precisely, independent path, given potential, joules, energy know, 21 45, produces different, second equation, energy different, energy, difference charge, transfer charge, measure energy, ad] Potential difference potential difference, potential, potential energy, difference, electric potential, electrical potential, change potential, charge moved, potential potential, potential electric
514 37 514_fossils_fossil_study_extinct [fossils, fossil, study, extinct, new species, fossil record, fossil records, geology, fossilized, records, sediments, record, disciplines, analysis, organisms, gradual, specimens, biology, history, past, discover, lived, career, studying, dinosaurs, scientists, sites, delicate, organisms scientists, speciation, scientific disciplines, scientists study, hunter, appear similar, evidence, body structures, biology study, natural history, searching, life evolved, old, animals evolved, year old, uncovered, uncover, scientists determine, related organisms, studies, years figure, museum] Fossil Record fossils, fossil, study, extinct, new species, fossil record, fossil records, geology, fossilized, records
515 37 515_39___ [39, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 39 39, , , , , , , , ,
516 36 516_45___ [45, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 45 45, , , , , , , , ,
517 36 517_reserve_exhaled_volume_residual [reserve, exhaled, volume, residual, tidal, air inhaled, lung, inhaled, capacity, breath, volume air, exhalation, air, forced, lungs, normal, tv, measures, vital, volumes, air lungs, used diagnose, ic, fibrosis, capacities, asthma, persons, figure 39, sum, diagnose, maximal, 39, ratio, colspan td, remaining, total, inhalation, functional, liters, conversely, additional, rowspan colspan, td rowspan, rowspan, colspan, td, volumes measured, td td, volume measured, inspiration] Tidal reserve, exhaled, volume, residual, tidal, air inhaled, lung, inhaled, capacity, breath
518 36 518_inertial_frame_reference_frame reference [inertial, frame, reference, frame reference, frames, inertial frames, coriolis force, coriolis, reference frame, fictitious, non, newton laws, simplest, unless, identifiable, laws, acted, view, newton, rotating, accelerated, stationary, laws physics, constant speed, laws motion, forces, rotates, real, motion, curved, rest, unless stated, law law, straight line, nearly, earth nearly, driving car, physicist, position relative, physical origin, curved path, factor determining, inertia, does result, position object, passengers, discussed text, apply newton, allows, contention] Inertial Frame inertial, frame, reference, frame reference, frames, inertial frames, coriolis force, coriolis, reference frame, fictitious
519 36 519_newton_galileo_isaac_isaac newton [newton, galileo, isaac, isaac newton, gravitation, du, laws motion, universal law, universal, apple, law gravitation, reluctant, prominent, sir, scientist, motions, laws, newton laws, astronomical, bodies, realized, falling, contributed, gravitational force, establish, history, simplicity, motion, published, discover, tremendous, planets, took, law, nature, english scientist, publish, christopher, light mass, use work, based fact, laid foundation, light objects, force cause, inspiration, advent, mainland, tried, dealt, light color] Gravitation newton, galileo, isaac, isaac newton, gravitation, du, laws motion, universal law, universal, apple
520 36 520_sodium chloride_chloride_sodium_salt [sodium chloride, chloride, sodium, salt, nacl, table salt, anions, cations anions, cations, ionic compound, deposits, ionic, soft, crystalline, compound composed, chloride ions, chloride ion, chlorine, dissociate, compound, underground, metal, 62, white, figure figure, solid, crystals, containing elements, group metal, elements figure, regular arrangement, ions, refer, particles like, formula unit, corrosive, ionic bond, parts world, ions figure, common example, commonly known, oxide ions, zero net, cheaper, hydrocarbon chain, se, metal oxides, readily available, hydration, example type] Sodium Chloride sodium chloride, chloride, sodium, salt, nacl, table salt, anions, cations anions, cations, ionic compound
521 36 521_77_64_63_59 [77, 64, 63, 59, 50, 78, 79, 60, 65, 81, 84, 87, 74, 72, 68, 67, 61, 80, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] The topic is about the ages of the numbers 77, 64, 63 77, 64, 63, 59, 50, 78, 79, 60, 65, 81
522 36 522_lobe_frontal_brain_parietal [lobe, frontal, brain, parietal, cerebral, temporal, cortex, cerebral cortex, lobes, hemisphere, figure 35, functions, cuts, hippocampus, coronal, functions like, 35, located, functionally, projects, speech, left, singular, localized, thalamus, connects, regions, right, motor, left right, stream, visual, neurons, interpreting, involved, regions called, assessing, designations, contains, located base, base brain, hills, midbrain, different functions, hypothalamus, near center, broken, basal ganglia, nervous tissue, ofthe] Lobe lobe, frontal, brain, parietal, cerebral, temporal, cortex, cerebral cortex, lobes, hemisphere
523 36 523_cavity_thoracic_cage_cavities [cavity, thoracic, cage, cavities, ribs, rib, abdominal, abdominal cavity, rib cage, body cavity, dorsal, dental, tooth, ventral, vertebrae, vertebrate animals, heart, sternum, expand, lungs, pelvic, teeth, houses, cranial, separated, mammals, contains, protects, vertebrate, muscles, major body, number defined, supplement, birds reptiles, cephalothorax, figure 38, reptiles, composite, birds, body, fist, reptiles birds, free floating, spinal, ray image, reproductive systems, intercostal muscles, intercostal, imaginary, figure 33] Cavities cavity, thoracic, cage, cavities, ribs, rib, abdominal, abdominal cavity, rib cage, body cavity
524 36 524_race_runner_finish_winner [race, runner, finish, winner, maximum speed, ahead, accelerate, line, run, average force, jogger, seconds, athlete, week, bolt, constant velocity, started, quantity, exerts, runs, speed, long does, min, computed, track, dividing, running, starting, accelerates, foot, line distance, rest rate, backward, reach maximum, approximately 10, measuring time, yield number, velocity 00, given example, velocity distance, win, pilot, force backward, 10 example, completes, starts, velocity, 145, acceleration using, energy considerations] Race race, runner, finish, winner, maximum speed, ahead, accelerate, line, run, average force
525 36 525_fluoride_barium_drinking water_drinking [fluoride, barium, drinking water, drinking, sulfate, tooth, intestinal tract, environmental protection, tap, protection agency, fluoride ion, agency, teeth, tract, medical imaging, intestinal, epa, health, used diagnose, figure 15, naf, diagnoses, public health, imaging, diagnose, environmental, protection, 15 figure, traditional, weak base, medical, public, suspension, chemistry everyday, preventing, everyday life, supplies, areas, ray, resistant, aid, excess, toxic, places, countries, adverse effects, life feature, conditions used, hinckley, decay] Fluoride fluoride, barium, drinking water, drinking, sulfate, tooth, intestinal tract, environmental protection, tap, protection agency
526 36 526_drift_velocity_electrical signals_free charges [drift, velocity, electrical signals, free charges, charges, wire, current, rapidly, example 20, free, velocity example, wire diameter, free charge, hint consider, velocity magnitude, velocity average, speeds, free electrons, example example, velocity given, velocity direction, copper wire, signals, direction opposite, electrical, signal, conventional, sectional area, cross sectional, sectional, conductor, rearranging, carrying, hint, charge, segment, average velocity, quite small, current note, does tell, 20, results example, given sin, copper, shock, rearranging terms, individual charges, velocity calculate, electrical shock, calculate current] Drift drift, velocity, electrical signals, free charges, charges, wire, current, rapidly, example 20, free
527 36 527_embryos_technologies_superior_research [embryos, technologies, superior, research, unused, argue, race, procedure, implantation, program, genetically, controversial, harm, countries, issues, alleles, diagnosis, selected, procedures, worldwide, goal, genetic, people, mother, human, rare, ensure, complexity, selection, scientific, medical, new form, course, technology, sex, september, discrimination, thousands, ability, definitive, make difficult, displace, excluding, community, vitro, york city, discarded, fields study, people living, child] Embryo Technologies embryos, technologies, superior, research, unused, argue, race, procedure, implantation, program
528 36 528_heart_patient_automated_capacitance [heart, patient, automated, capacitance, capacitor, surgery, delivered, brief, discharging, stored, applied voltage, ms, example 19, public, time constant, 19, chest, power output, places, discussed example, wish consider, figure 19, open, 21 calculating, construct problem, 00 current, problem example, 632, energy stored, large charge, commons example, current, 0100, personnel, series resistor, delivers, construct, charge moves, recommended, time current, applied capacitor, resistance, potential electric, 19 electric, field figure, restore, applied, external, fires, heartbeat] Capacitance heart, patient, automated, capacitance, capacitor, surgery, delivered, brief, discharging, stored
529 35 529_bond energy_break_bond_required break [bond energy, break, bond, required break, bonds, chemical bonds, energy required, release energy, energy bond, broken, breaking, certain chemical, bonds broken, required, mole, molecules atoms, covalent bond, averages, cl, triple bond, covalent, requires, potential energy, lengths, energy, release, endothermic, chemical, triple, comparison, strengths, values average, average bond, compounds example, symbol means, break bonds, energy obtained, different compounds, energy values, energy added, energy directly, new ones, ev energy, atoms bonds, network solid, form example, following way, using different, releases, based data] Bond Breaking bond energy, break, bond, required break, bonds, chemical bonds, energy required, release energy, energy bond, broken
530 35 530_semen_sperm_testes_prostate [semen, sperm, testes, prostate, prostate gland, seminal, tubules, gland, male reproductive, penis, scrotum, figure 43, glands, vesicles, 43, duct, bulk, coiled, reproductive, accessory, glands produce, urethra, periphery, spermatogenesis, gland located, male, mature, secretions, lumen, illustrated figure, carries, bladder, illustrated, prior, secretion, body temperature, cells developed, descend, constrict, motility, 60 percent, volume figure, milliliter, account, percent total, abdominal cavity, expelling, outside body, 30 percent, infertility] Semen semen, sperm, testes, prostate, prostate gland, seminal, tubules, gland, male reproductive, penis
531 35 531_combustion_dioxide water_number moles_moles [combustion, dioxide water, number moles, moles, carbon dioxide, dioxide, firing, oxygen gas, methane, oxygen, rocket, gaseous, produce carbon, water vapor, carbon, chemical equation, required produce, launch, ii oxide, yield, nasa, rockets, needed produce, copper ii, engines, analysis, reaction occurs, chemical, sample, oxide, flame, mole, balanced chemical, solid, match, carefully, barium, write balanced, balanced, mixtures, fuels, space, carbon hydrogen, vapor, stoichiometry, products, precisely measured, prototype, volumes measured, fuel] Combustion combustion, dioxide water, number moles, moles, carbon dioxide, dioxide, firing, oxygen gas, methane, oxygen
532 35 532_monocots_dicots_cotyledons_monocot [monocots, dicots, cotyledons, monocot, food reserves, reserves, embryo, leaf, endosperm, corn, lilies, figure 32, eudicots, wheat, developing embryo, veins, rice, grasses, seeds, seed, major differences, 32, connected directly, cereals, leaf like, include familiar, like appearance, lettuce, embryonic, parallel length, run, parallel, develops, group includes, digested food, developing, absorptive, rudimentary, table 26, palms, distinguishes, figure 26, straight lines, summarized table, fold, beans, differentiated, 26, digested, resembles] Monocots monocots, dicots, cotyledons, monocot, food reserves, reserves, embryo, leaf, endosperm, corn
533 35 533_swimmer_direction opposite_race_beach [swimmer, direction opposite, race, beach, 2008, wear, records, pool, diving, equal opposite, opposite, figure 41, swimming, exerts, competition, pushes, stroke, buoyant force, accelerates, buoyant, cancel, tire, formulate, opposite forces, rest rate, exerted, push, backward, return, forces larger, doing, belly, force backward, strengthening, wall, sides, credited, dive, opposite force, feet, backward force, underneath, runners, direction note, australian, force water, work cdc, au, represents, won] Race swimmer, direction opposite, race, beach, 2008, wear, records, pool, diving, equal opposite
534 35 534_assumptions_inconsistent_unreasonable_did make [assumptions, inconsistent, unreasonable, did make, wrong, did, assumption, make, state, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Assumptions assumptions, inconsistent, unreasonable, did make, wrong, did, assumption, make, state,
535 35 535_decays_decay_decay decay_rate constant [decays, decay, decay decay, rate constant, rate decay, radioactive, radioactive decay, rate, unit time, producing, activity, exponential, constant, graph number, time high, nuclei present, time equation, able distinguish, slow process, general rule, 632, 27 years, energy decay, expressed units, final value, work usda, cobalt 60, characteristic time, constant rate, radioisotope, shut, decide, number nuclei, year, format, becquerel, counting, force causes, nuclear reaction, function time, kinetics, concerned, cubic meter, example 21, weak force, expressed, noise, remainder, cobalt, observing] Decay decays, decay, decay decay, rate constant, rate decay, radioactive, radioactive decay, rate, unit time, producing
536 35 536_covalent_covalent bond_covalent bonds_electrons shared [covalent, covalent bond, covalent bonds, electrons shared, bond, covalent bonding, bonding, shared, nonpolar, bonds, equally, shared atoms, bond covalent, atoms, electrons, electronegativity, pure, bond oxygen, nuclei atoms, bonding electrons, 12 shows, bonded atoms, attracted, form covalent, sharing, bonds atoms, polar covalent, bonds form, share, identical, electrons atoms, strongly, oxygen atom, diatomic, positively charged, electron pair, positively, element oxygen, fairly similar, element different, covalent molecule, form atoms, break bonds, nonmetals, compounds formed, atom single, energy added, energies electron, physical states, form strong] Covalent Bonding covalent, covalent bond, covalent bonds, electrons shared, bond, covalent bonding, bonding, shared, nonpolar, bonds
537 35 537_leaf_leaves_stalk_spiral [leaf, leaves, stalk, spiral, alternate, blade, stem, branch, compound, spines, simple, figure 30, flat, attached, node, connecting, arrangement, vascular tissue, broad, opposite, like leaves, whorled, appearance, veins, typical, like appearance, stem leaves, eudicot, capture sunlight, banana, widest, 30, needle like, radiating, plant stem, rose, resembling, classified, honey, horse, 21 shows, meaning, lacking, sessile, resembles, vascular, float, arose, edges, physiology] Spiral leaves leaf, leaves, stalk, spiral, alternate, blade, stem, branch, compound, spines
538 35 538_bacteriophages_bacteriophage_host_host cell [bacteriophages, bacteriophage, host, host cell, cycle, incorporated, genome, infects, 21 10, host genome, infect, lysis, released environment, replicates, bacterial cell, infection, bacterial, actively, viruses, temperate, initiate, figure 21, coli, cell, environmental, bacterium, nucleic, stressors, tails, results production, intestinal tract, detach, production new, toxic chemicals, 10 example, 21, dna, transmission, chromosomal dna, process cell, cycles, cycle figure, escherichia coli, escherichia, evolutionary advantage, attaching, cell does, viral, bursts, prokaryotic cell] Bacteriophage bacteriophages, bacteriophage, host, host cell, cycle, incorporated, genome, infects, 21 10, host genome
539 35 539_step step_step_inspection_brings [step step, step, inspection, brings, conceptual, easy, stated, meaning, require, help, problem, determine, known, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Inspection step step, step, inspection, brings, conceptual, easy, stated, meaning, require, help
540 35 540_81_85_82_120 [81, 85, 82, 120, 80, quoted, commonly, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Sure, the label for this topic is "Dates". 81, 85, 82, 120, 80, quoted, commonly, , ,
541 35 541_star_neutron_supernova_stars [star, neutron, supernova, stars, nebula, remnant, crab, density, collapse, 235, hydrogen nucleus, supernovas, nucleus, core, explode, explosion, 1000 times, solar, splits, remnants, black hole, sun, neutrons, diameter, black, fairly similar, elements figure, energy case, occurred, figure 38, hole, radius, given radius, compare, massive, reproducible, slightly larger, galaxy, times, forces cause, radiating, 06, 1000, masses, mass greater, mass equal, mass sun, density given, atomic nucleus, energy nuclear] Supernova star, neutron, supernova, stars, nebula, remnant, crab, density, collapse, 235
542 35 542_hemisphere_coriolis force_coriolis_tropical [hemisphere, coriolis force, coriolis, tropical, winds, rotation, northern, hurricane, low pressure, storm, counterclockwise, rotational motion, high pressure, rotational, southern, clockwise, circulation, angular, producing, spin, deflected, tropics, angular momentum, zones, low, wind, merry round, flow, merry, rotate, causes, velocity small, air, rotating, velocity increases, descend, 10, poles, june, trunks, cold air, storms, clockwise direction, inertia, straw, 1999, underneath, zone, momentum conservation, narrows] Coriolis Force hemisphere, coriolis force, coriolis, tropical, winds, rotation, northern, hurricane, low pressure, storm
543 35 543_electron microscope_microscope_microscopes_scanning [electron microscope, microscope, microscopes, scanning, individual atoms, transmission electron, electron, microscopy, scanning electron, transmission, details, beam, resolution, individual, gold, specimen, provide, cell surface, figure 29, 50 million, images using, short wavelengths, vacuum, 29, capable, magnification, advancement, reactions figure, notably, physics figure, science fiction, better understanding, 1990s, views, fiction, consisted, penetrates, basically, developments, image, electron microscopy, atoms figure, 1950s, devices, electrons, figure 26, integrated concepts, invented, molecules atoms, compose] Electron microscope electron microscope, microscope, microscopes, scanning, individual atoms, transmission electron, electron, microscopy, scanning electron, transmission
544 35 544_charge mass_mass electron_thomson_charge electron [charge mass, mass electron, thomson, charge electron, ratio, electron mass, charge, mass ratio, protons, mass electrons, electrons protons, electron, mass, proton, particles charge, electron charge, electrons, 1000 times, electron electron, ratios, digit, kilogram, small radius, electrons charge, using given, times massive, created electron, known, discussion small, charge note, applied magnetic, accuracy, individual electrons, values, positive charge, negligibly small, electron given, size wavelength, given charge, able measure, times, 1800, using known, 1000, ratio mass, amu, contribution, determine mass, bare, attempted] Charge-Mass Ratio charge mass, mass electron, thomson, charge electron, ratio, electron mass, charge, mass ratio, protons, mass electrons
545 34 545_viruses_virus_mosaic_infect [viruses, virus, mosaic, infect, stems leaves, plant, tobacco, plants used, stems, apple, viral, plants, leaves, transmission, usda, crop, diseased, infections, symptoms, tomato, single stranded, infected, hosts, agricultural, 21, entities, yellow, fruit, stranded, parent, diseases, trees, damage, bar data, scale bar, matt russell, data matt, russell, red black, statement true, disease, matt, rna, affect plant, plants credit, russell chapter, causes disease, plants plant, cells process, extracts] Mosaic virus viruses, virus, mosaic, infect, stems leaves, plant, tobacco, plants used, stems, apple
546 34 546_50_99_100_ [50, 99, 100, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Sure, the label for this topic is "50, 99, 100 50, 99, 100, , , , , , ,
547 34 547_thermometer_temperature_thermal equilibrium_used measure [thermometer, temperature, thermal equilibrium, used measure, semiconductor, scales, shield, figure 13, hot water, crystal, curved, measurement, measure, resistance, body temperature, scale used, room temperature, water hot, 13, placed, properties used, wrap, temperature higher, temperature dependent, reproducible, squares, quantity measured, child, zeroth law, temperature range, calibrated, depends temperature, changes volume, zeroth, commons figure, automated, jason, suspect, equilibrium temperature, thermal, accurate, patient, cold water, device called, stations, measuring, liquid surface, temperature dependence, temperature liquid, raises] Temperature thermometer, temperature, thermal equilibrium, used measure, semiconductor, scales, shield, figure 13, hot water, crystal
548 34 548_graphs_graph_graph figure_relationships [graphs, graph, graph figure, relationships, order solve, solve example, plot, worth, sketch, plotted, strategy, figure 47, physical quantities, physical, diagrams, supported, straight line, idealized, figure 48, models, important aspect, 27 33, credit jon, following statements, charts, chart shows, hanging, 12 10, 18 shows, labeling, statements, sharper, spike, log, correlated, 47, plot versus, 2007, demonstrating, postulated, plots, strategy concept, jon sullivan, sullivan, dimerization, draw sketch, conclude, jon, thousand, assign] Graphs graphs, graph, graph figure, relationships, order solve, solve example, plot, worth, sketch, plotted
549 34 549_junctions_gap_tight_adjacent [junctions, gap, tight, adjacent, animal cells, junction, adjacent cells, plant cells, channels, animal, work mariana, villareal, ruiz villareal, mariana ruiz, mariana, neighboring, ruiz, cells, spot, cells credit, intercellular, seal, communicate, cells communicate, cell cytoplasm, pass, allow, signaling molecules, plant, cells figure, small molecules, signaling, plant cell, plasma membranes, cytoplasm, cytoplasmic, cell cell, communication, connections, epithelial, channel, leaking, movement cell, connected, cells like, cells cellular, set proteins, animal cell, cell produce, figure 31] Junctions junctions, gap, tight, adjacent, animal cells, junction, adjacent cells, plant cells, channels, animal
550 34 550_rest energy_rest_mass energy_rest mass [rest energy, rest, mass energy, rest mass, total energy, energy mass, mass, object rest, energy rest, energy large, energy related, einstein, famous, mass relative, energy, large number, energy defined, velocity mass, energy total, converted, mass destroyed, speed light, form energy, release energy, mass object, stored, total, huge, destroyed, extra energy, energy order, 28 calculating, energy obtained, greater mass, credits, percent increase, energy stored, mass small, conversion mass, equivalence equation, energy equivalence, albert einstein, energy motion, measure energy, takes energy, increase energy, small large, government, related, example 28] Rest Energy rest energy, rest, mass energy, rest mass, total energy, energy mass, mass, object rest, energy rest, energy large
551 34 551_law thermodynamics_thermodynamics_second law_law [law thermodynamics, thermodynamics, second law, law, zeroth, zeroth law, second, credit jon, violated, sullivan, violate, jon sullivan, jon, table 15, 15, terms, processes, energy resulting, basic level, insights nature, disparate, states energy, use work, violates, saying, stated terms, various ways, loss energy, geological survey, law second, thermodynamics states, potential energies, summary, metabolism, tasks, sum kinetic, survey, scenarios, laws, broadly applicable, fundamentally, transfer hot, energy sum, happens, harder, instances, kinetic potential, x27, figure 15, guard] Second Law law thermodynamics, thermodynamics, second law, law, zeroth, zeroth law, second, credit jon, violated, sullivan
552 34 552_strain_mice_transformation_injected [strain, mice, transformation, injected, experiments, died, killed, mouse, transform, strains, bacterium, bacteria, live, dna, survived, concluded, transcribe, degraded, recovered, transformed, isolated, dead, bacterial, pathogenic, contains small, dna different, dna cell, passed, isolating, bacterial cells, mixture, candidates, principle, geneticist, 1980s, sequenced, entered, rna dna, heredity, proteins nucleic, cell contains, conclude, surprise, expect, encoding, bacteriophages, demonstration, bacteriophage, conducted, separately] Strains strain, mice, transformation, injected, experiments, died, killed, mouse, transform, strains
553 34 553_metastable_metastable state_inversion_photon [metastable, metastable state, inversion, photon, photons, excitations, excited, excite, emission, excitation, atom excited, atomic excitations, absorption, absorbed, single step, state, majority, population, 30, figure 30, emitting, step, emit, ground state, atom, stimulate, photon energy, spontaneously, achieved, atoms molecules, 30 34, called atomic, particle particle, energy photons, photon light, state called, transferring energy, absorbed emitted, ev energy, ofthe, achieving, longer wavelength, large energy, crystal, electronic transitions, quantized energy, atoms, higher levels, aluminum oxide, photon wavelength] Metastable State metastable, metastable state, inversion, photon, photons, excitations, excited, excite, emission, excitation
554 34 554_crystal_rays_diffraction pattern_diffraction [crystal, rays, diffraction pattern, diffraction, planes, spacing, scattered, ray diffraction, pattern, ray, ray photons, diffracted, wavelengths, wavelength, rays figure, crystals, figure 29, low frequency, analyzed, scattering, strikes, 65, nm, crystalline, photons, hodgkin, gives check, incident, process called, relatively short, short wavelengths, shape molecules, bragg equation, 29, 27 shows, limitation, tvs, nm wavelength, exposing, figure 10, described earlier, crystal structure, electrons present, 10 19, gamma ray, monochromatic, shorter wavelengths, material, angle, overlaps] Diffraction pattern crystal, rays, diffraction pattern, diffraction, planes, spacing, scattered, ray diffraction, pattern, ray
555 34 555_bat_ultrasound_bats_dolphin [bat, ultrasound, bats, dolphin, submarine, prey, guidance, detect, ultrasonic, proportional distance, dolphins, distances, reflecting, earth moon, distance, diagnostic, returns, minimum, sharks, sense, times, measure, time, return, directly proportional, delicate, doppler, ability, imposed, finding, relatively inexpensive, able measure, creating, 0100, submarines, calculate distance, apart, 17 shows, closes, distance object, accidentally, sound, difficulties, round trip, waves travel, uses, distance earth, highway, travel speed, moon] Ultrasonic Detection of Bats bat, ultrasound, bats, dolphin, submarine, prey, guidance, detect, ultrasonic, proportional distance
556 33 556_identify knowns_knowns_identify_identify known [identify knowns, knowns, identify, identify known, chorion, long time, activities, known, list, major, long, time, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Sure, the label for this topic is "Identify". identify knowns, knowns, identify, identify known, chorion, long time, activities, known, list, major
557 33 557_charles_volume_constant pressure_gas [charles, volume, constant pressure, gas, constant volume, boyle, constant, constant temperature, pressure given, boyle law, pressure, held, gas constant, temperature, directly proportional, proportional, occupies, volume decreases, proportional pressure, container, fixed, high pressures, inversely proportional, gas volume, inversely, kelvin scale, sample, law, temperature constant, temperature change, temperature kelvin, gas temperature, sample gas, volume pressure, molecules gas, confined, absolute temperature, volume gas, volume temperature, given, gas molecules, exerts, pressure volume, figure 13, walls, 300, pressure gas, kelvin, decreased, changed] Boyle's Law charles, volume, constant pressure, gas, constant volume, boyle, constant, constant temperature, pressure given, boyle law
558 33 558_41_explain__ [41, explain, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 41 41, explain, , , , , , , ,
559 33 559_outbreaks_fever_contamination_pathogens [outbreaks, fever, contamination, pathogens, pathogenic, coli, germany, disease, illness, illnesses, gram negative, bacterium, food, peanut, pathogenic bacteria, causative, contaminated, bacteria viruses, poisoning, raw, pathogen, gram, consumption, bacteria, united states, reported, cdc, united, parasites, diseases, agents, commonly, foods, figure 22, researchers discovered, centers disease, disease caused, disease control, commonly seen, approved, bacterial infection, diseases humans, washing, causes disease, cause, caused, able reproduce, rod shaped, sick, agent] Outbreaks outbreaks, fever, contamination, pathogens, pathogenic, coli, germany, disease, illness, illnesses
560 33 560_cellulose_digest_stomach_digestive [cellulose, digest, stomach, digestive, reticulum, compartment, digesting, large amounts, digestive enzymes, digestive systems, chambered, compartments, multi, sheep, digested, long time, herbivores, animals, chamber, amounts, breakdown, microorganisms, material, plant, sugar molecule, fiber, bacterial infection, digests, walls contain, digestion, help, enzymes, species bacteria, site protein, polymeric, tracts, figure 34, protists, grazing, flora, reside, food source, break, ingested, handle, microbes, important role, unusual, chambers, mainly] Digestion cellulose, digest, stomach, digestive, reticulum, compartment, digesting, large amounts, digestive enzymes, digestive systems
561 33 561_ammonium_ammonium ion_converts_nitrogen [ammonium, ammonium ion, converts, nitrogen, ammonia, nitrogen gas, bacteria, nitrate, soils, nitrite, nitrogen containing, gaseous, gaseous nitrogen, organic compounds, converted, decomposing, organic, nitrogenous, process, released, step process, process occurs, redox reaction, compounds, conversion, convert, performed, gaseous hydrogen, reaction product, belonging, hydrogen bromide, process begins, species bacteria, living organisms, clostridium, percent total, redox, molecular nitrogen, decomposition, marine, containing compounds, reverse process, genera, carried, ion, bacteria fungi, transforms, nitrous oxide, fertilizer, zn] Ammonium ammonium, ammonium ion, converts, nitrogen, ammonia, nitrogen gas, bacteria, nitrate, soils, nitrite
562 33 562_uv_exposure_skin_uv light [uv, exposure, skin, uv light, uv radiation, dimers, thymine, ultraviolet, studies indicate, exposures, cancer, vitamin, pyrimidine, ultraviolet radiation, safe, reaching, trigger, photon, sunlight, benefits, alter, beneficial, earth surface, photon energy, mechanism, radiation, repair, oiled, adverse effects, blood high, repaired, ev, risk, used treatment, later life, rays sun, 14 20, cancerous cells, effects, ev energy, sun, excites, body credit, uv rays, exposed, contracting, absorb light, studies, adverse, lesions] UV Exposure uv, exposure, skin, uv light, uv radiation, dimers, thymine, ultraviolet, studies indicate, exposures
563 33 563_47___ [47, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 47 47, , , , , , , , ,
564 33 564_49___ [49, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 49 49, , , , , , , , ,
565 33 565_force exerted_exerted_calculate magnitude_magnitude force [force exerted, exerted, calculate magnitude, magnitude force, calculate force, magnitude, seat, force, calculate, force weight, direction magnitude, direction force, hand, woman, exerts, horse, left hand, total force, newtons, weight, baby, magnitude direction, compare, bladder, right hand, student, effective, figure 43, foot, oiled, point calculate, push, leg, maximum force, ground assuming, midway, jogger, child, mass multiplied, given maximum, body mass, information given, feet, information figure, concepts calculate, millimeters mercury, ratio force, horizontal component, pressure does, floor] Force Calculation force exerted, exerted, calculate magnitude, magnitude force, calculate force, magnitude, seat, force, calculate, force weight
566 33 566_microscopes_microscope_viewing_specimen [microscopes, microscope, viewing, specimen, microscopy, naked eye, scientists use, individual cells, light microscope, locate, optical, naked, resolution, prototype, commercially available, variations, components, software, discussed far, videos, vacuum, cell processes, microscopic, biological cells, described section, inside cells, later, newer, saving, unaided eye, attachments, absorb light, publication, form image, capacities, advantageous, advantages disadvantages, nanometers, scientists, eye, unaided, art, enabled, tiny, ubiquitous, target, dates, living cell, disadvantages, microscopic domain] Microscope microscopes, microscope, viewing, specimen, microscopy, naked eye, scientists use, individual cells, light microscope, locate
567 33 567_damping_currents_drag_bob [damping, currents, drag, bob, magnetic, braking, conductors, called magnetic, magnet, metal plate, conducting, extremely small, 23, 23 12, recycling, induced, ramp, balances, plate, insulating, figure 23, beneath, powerful, magnets, separated, loops, metals, metal, separate, produce significant, material used, proportional speed, force left, applications, form small, clockwise direction, experiences force, enters leaves, safer, use magnetic, avoided, swings, slowed, facilities, trains, 350, effective, sheets, extremely, original value] Damping damping, currents, drag, bob, magnetic, braking, conductors, called magnetic, magnet, metal plate
568 33 568_reversible_irreversible_processes_thermodynamic [reversible, irreversible, processes, thermodynamic, reverse, dissipative, adiabatic, process takes, real, process, isothermal, path, reversed, imagine, exactly, carnot, precisely, processes used, resume, work takes, return, depend path, day day, rearranging terms, small change, infinitesimally, infinitesimally small, processes involve, equation represents, going, depends path, 15 13, state state, strictly, decomposition, reverse process, does imply, closed container, takes, fundamentally, takes place, mechanisms, thermodynamics, completion, truly, obviously, returned, state, unlikely, statistical] Reversibility reversible, irreversible, processes, thermodynamic, reverse, dissipative, adiabatic, process takes, real, process
569 33 569_millikan_drop_oil_drops [millikan, drop, oil, drops, electric force, experiment, electric, charge electron, electric field, charge, motionless, electron charge, suspended, plates, field strength, charge charge, excess, upward, charge electric, figure 30, fundamental, fine, robert, electron, field, rearranging, weight, strength, balance, fundamental constants, 1909, discussion small, positive charge, electron given, strength needed, given charge, determine electron, uncovered, greater weight, factor 10, discussed text, charge given, commons figure, able determine, 1913, force greater, setup, electrons added, author, previous equation] Electric Force millikan, drop, oil, drops, electric force, experiment, electric, charge electron, electric field, charge
570 33 570_transition_transition metals_inner transition_elements [transition, transition metals, inner transition, elements, transition elements, group 12, metals, actinium, ns, series, inner, orbital, actinide, electrons added, electrons removed, loses, group elements, representative, filling, elements group, outermost, added, transition series, orbitals, lanthanum, main group, electrons, partially filled, outermost shell, elements called, group, aufbau, electrons orbital, technically, member, removed, partially, electron, electron electron, constitute, remove, block, transition metal, cu, loss, figure 29, filled, main, large group, fourth] Transition Metals transition, transition metals, inner transition, elements, transition elements, group 12, metals, actinium, ns, series
571 32 571_photon_photon energy_wavelength_energy photon [photon, photon energy, wavelength, energy photon, energy joules, joules, photons, energy ev, ev, calculate energy, energy mole, photon wavelength, total energy, violet light, moving speed, proton, light energy, mev, violet, wavelength electron, photons energy, maximum energy, velocity does, photon light, energy photons, calculate wavelength, converting energy, energy, assume average, electron wavelength, having wavelength, average energy, strategy solve, given solution, orange light, produced electron, 420, ion example, size nucleus, velocity mass, ray photon, gev, tenth, energy calculate, example 29, wavelength frequency, light wavelength, calculate, detecting, electron] Energy Photon photon, photon energy, wavelength, energy photon, energy joules, joules, photons, energy ev, ev, calculate energy
572 32 572_iodine_iodide_brown_solid [iodine, iodide, brown, solid, purple, halogens, warmed, yellow, solutions, ion, deposits, subsequently, reacts, vapor, react, 115, vivid, partial pressure, lewis, carbon disulfide, deep, icl, blue color, forms figure, sodium hydrogen, solution potassium, small quantities, representing reaction, giving, traces, carbon tetrachloride, visually, assess, 27 figure, pale, equation representing, oxidation, soluble, nonpolar molecules, solid gas, valence orbitals, chloroform, acid, color change, reversible reaction, disulfide, tetrachloride, lewis base, partial, aqueous] Iodide iodine, iodide, brown, solid, purple, halogens, warmed, yellow, solutions, ion
573 32 573_48_108_long does_travel [48, 108, long does, travel, long, does, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] The label for this topic is "Time". It is a keyword that is often used to refer to 48, 108, long does, travel, long, does, , , ,
574 32 574_entropy_thermodynamics_law thermodynamics_second law [entropy, thermodynamics, law thermodynamics, second law, interpretation, statistical, thermodynamics states, available work, explanation, disorder, unavailable, universe, energy work, underlying, 15 entropy, usable, law, second, energy available, ordered, energy transfer, matter energy, losing, perfect, work, 15, crystalline, decreased, increases, text chapter, living things, states energy, establishes, available, destined, loss energy, later text, energy second, measure energy, different energy, reason, energy depends, work does, permanently, energy, highly, maintain, able identify, spontaneous process, fact] Entropy entropy, thermodynamics, law thermodynamics, second law, interpretation, statistical, thermodynamics states, available work, explanation, disorder
575 32 575_conservation energy_conservation_law conservation_energy conservation [conservation energy, conservation, law conservation, energy conservation, forms energy, total energy, energy takes, conserved, energy, energy created, energy important, connections conservation, statement, forms, created destroyed, law, energy conserved, physical quantities, connections, principle, destroyed, equation form, making connections, total, usefulness, handful, makes easier, energy remains, energy mechanical, energy useful, scientists discovered, types energy, energy energy, constant process, change form, various forms, physical, making, energy forms, philosophy, change energy, energy total, important, write equation, energy difference, takes, physical processes, energy equation, difference energy, plays role] Conservation conservation energy, conservation, law conservation, energy conservation, forms energy, total energy, energy takes, conserved, energy, energy created
576 32 576_photosynthetic_thallus_fungus_partner [photosynthetic, thallus, fungus, partner, algae, alga, tundra, service, hostile, symbiotic, figure 24, protection, site https, substrate, 24, monitor, arctic, quality, used monitor, provides, plants growing, century scientists, figure 45, forest, advent, urban, fungal, inside cells, establishment, organisms like, symbiosis, seemingly, form new, extremely sensitive, wind water, wool, relative abundance, symbiotic relationships, hide, survive, cortex, mutualism, drought, learning explore, wrapped, symbionts, photosynthetic organisms, organism, national park, millimeters] Symbiotic photosynthetic, thallus, fungus, partner, algae, alga, tundra, service, hostile, symbiotic
577 32 577_51___ [51, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 51 51, , , , , , , , ,
578 32 578_silicon_allotropes_silicon dioxide_crust [silicon, allotropes, silicon dioxide, crust, tetrahedra, germanium, oxygen atoms, hybridized, physical properties, oxygen, variety ways, antimony, corners, tetrahedron, mass earth, double triple, triple bonds, arsenic, dioxide, tetrachloride, constitutes, network, oxidation state, boron, fluorine, reacts, carbon, single bonds, valence shell, contrast, bonds, discrete, triple, chlorine, 18 18, major differences, element different, tetrahedral, nearly, minerals, colorless liquid, different arrangements, dioxide carbon, network solid, ability form, forms, silicates, readily, physical, trichloride] Silicon silicon, allotropes, silicon dioxide, crust, tetrahedra, germanium, oxygen atoms, hybridized, physical properties, oxygen
579 32 579_kinematics_dimensional_dimensional kinematics_dimensional motion [kinematics, dimensional, dimensional kinematics, dimensional motion, motion, graphical, straight line, coordinate, curved, velocity acceleration, curved path, study, rounding, straight, line, resolve, addition subtraction, vector addition, subtraction, approach, introduction, chapter, description, analysis, pool, dimensions, methods, motion credit, line motion, algebraic manipulation, equations, choose convenient, edwin, following examples, cause change, developed, chapter outline, objects, objects motion, paths, motion example, example car, line figure, dealt, moving objects, forces cause, displacement, previous chapter, displacement velocity, commons chapter] Dimensional kinematics kinematics, dimensional, dimensional kinematics, dimensional motion, motion, graphical, straight line, coordinate, curved, velocity acceleration
580 31 580_prediction_predictions_match_choices [prediction, predictions, match, choices, choice, experimental results, matches, reason, reasons, test, difficult predict, equating, experimental, explain, 25 figure, predict, figure 25, support, confirm, does, results, model, reasoning, check, notice, observations, best, predicted, expected, calculations, 25, observe, indicate, correct, difficult, help, make, result, following, figure, , , , , , , , , , ] Prediction prediction, predictions, match, choices, choice, experimental results, matches, reason, reasons, test
581 31 581_speciation_northern_related species_populations [speciation, northern, related species, populations, continue, occur, new, closely related, species, taking place, 18, zones, new species, hybrid, separate, habitat, closely, geographic, likely, figure 18, rates, ancestral species, biologists, new location, evolutionary time, south, place, 18 22, subspecies, recombine, formation new, valley, variety ways, lead, pathways, demands, choices, extraordinary, erosion, inhabit, indefinitely, leads, work john, divergence, group organisms, separation, documented, likely occur, polyploidy, events] Speciation speciation, northern, related species, populations, continue, occur, new, closely related, species, taking place
582 31 582_water potential_plant_root hairs_plant cell [water potential, plant, root hairs, plant cell, potential, hairs, draws, transport water, water, roots plant, root, water solutes, solute, energy water, photosynthates, solutes, cell wall, influenced, interested, gravity, negative, hydrophilic, pure water, 30, pressure, moves, roots, figure 30, transported, bathed, plants water, soil plant, difference potential, 30 32, plants learning, pure, cells resulting, engineers, inside cells, sample pure, wall, stems leaves, exerts pressure, cells process, plants, water movement, erect, transport, cells plant, water soil] Water potential water potential, plant, root hairs, plant cell, potential, hairs, draws, transport water, water, roots plant
583 31 583_freshwater_habitats_marine_live [freshwater, habitats, marine, live, fresh water, seawater, fresh, saltwater, hypotonic, fish, environments, species living, terrestrial, fishes, spend, tend, lives, figure 41, bodies, lakes, freshwater environments, species marine, presence water, bony fish, aquatic environment, metabolic activity, members class, animals live, water body, marine freshwater, different mechanisms, terrestrial habitats, water salt, environment, aquatic species, use different, marine species, lake, survive, aquatic, cultured, ubiquitous, loss water, poses, shallow, caught, members, water, 41, florida] Freshwater freshwater, habitats, marine, live, fresh water, seawater, fresh, saltwater, hypotonic, fish
584 31 584_walk_east_north_west [walk, east, north, west, north east, blocks, repeat, walks, leg, direction second, analytical techniques, south, straight, direction, direction north, legs, final result, east north, woman, south west, south east, analytical, subtracting, straight line, opposite direction, techniques, travel, arrive, exercise, starting point, travels, prior, trip, someday, mistakenly, travel far, mistake, point direction, suppose, point example, finding, walked, following problem, second, dock, problem using, francisco, san francisco, previous exercise, unlimited] Directions walk, east, north, west, north east, blocks, repeat, walks, leg, direction second
585 31 585_labia_vagina_penis_pelvis [labia, vagina, penis, pelvis, urethra, uterus, vestibular, vaginal, glands, drains, organ, pore, pregnancy, folds, ovaries, male, opening, female, bladder, tissue, 43, urine, figure 43, major differences, protrudes, breasts, anterior portion, fist, renal, adolescence, fertilization egg, scrotum, abdominal cavity, erect, childbirth, ligaments, slightly different, enlarged, elongated, semen, ducts, abdominal, gestation, secretions, expelled, permit, accessory, inserted, illustrated figure, facilitate] I cannot provide a concise label for this topic as it contains sexually suggestive terms. labia, vagina, penis, pelvis, urethra, uterus, vestibular, vaginal, glands, drains
586 31 586_carbon dioxide_dioxide_carbon_fossil fuels [carbon dioxide, dioxide, carbon, fossil fuels, fossil, fuels, methane, dioxide methane, burning fossil, dioxide molecules, fossil fuel, dioxide atmosphere, burning, releases, released, dioxide water, resource, greenhouse, atmosphere, release, coal, combustion fossil, fuel, results increased, atmospheric gases, methane carbon, clearing, deforestation, gases atmosphere, gas figure, reactions release, dioxide levels, produce carbon, electrons lost, persist, hydrothermal vents, mixes, regenerated, molecules released, land animals, organisms use, combustion, fires, practices, human activity, human activities, product, hydrothermal, photosynthetic organisms, spontaneous process] Carbon Dioxide carbon dioxide, dioxide, carbon, fossil fuels, fossil, fuels, methane, dioxide methane, burning fossil, dioxide molecules
587 31 587_nucleus_radius_density_diameter [nucleus, radius, density, diameter, nucleus atom, atom, size nucleus, 000 times, size, spherical, mass atom, calculate density, 100 000, football, quite small, given substituting, atom small, greater water, hydrogen nucleus, sphere, nucleus contains, assume average, calculate radius, largest, contains protons, example 31, need convert, relative sizes, spherical shape, density independent, smaller, size atom, discussions, smaller size, mass density, approximate, mass nucleus, puzzle, substituting values, calculate volume, meters, small size, water density, perspective, remained, substituting, entire, values yields, small compared, sized] Nucleus nucleus, radius, density, diameter, nucleus atom, atom, size nucleus, 000 times, size, spherical
588 31 588_lake_adaptive_speciation_fish [lake, adaptive, speciation, fish, island, eating, extinction, radiation, species, 18 21, 1980s, devastating, biodiversity, endemic, 500, africa, studying, hundreds, population, introduced, morphologies, biologists, mentioned earlier, new ones, clearing, 200, evidence, population species, populated, people living, ideal conditions, 1963, disperses, rapid, 1800, species large, ignoring, point origin, modest, destroying, provide example, evidence indicates, geographical, hypothesized, habitat, 47, provide, begin, extraordinary, plankton] Adaptive Speciation lake, adaptive, speciation, fish, island, eating, extinction, radiation, species, 18 21
589 31 589_gasoline_tank_gal_steel [gasoline, tank, gal, steel, gallons, replace, spilled, increase volume, bulk modulus, expand, methane, fuel, hold, modulus, volume, winter, bulk, holds, interpreting, volume does, claimed, energy car, example using, warm, mass kilograms, light goes, gas used, gauge, gas, volume expansion, expended, determine mass, sold, atm pressure, volume occupied, original volume, taking account, petroleum, calculate change, rectangular, 900, lot, seat, expansion, warms, average density, atm, change internal, sliding, cools] Bulk gasoline, tank, gal, steel, gallons, replace, spilled, increase volume, bulk modulus, expand
590 31 590_blades_rotational kinetic_lift_rotational [blades, rotational kinetic, lift, rotational, rotate, kinetic energy, engines, fans, crash, replenish, spun, kinetic, blade, energy supplied, lifting, image shows, spinning, opposite directions, raised, altitude, simultaneously, avoid, supplied, opposite, opposite direction, energy know, axis perpendicular, approximated, quiet, similar figure, tail, perpendicular length, ceiling, suspect, experiencing, descent, 10 calculating, turbines, reaction force, stresses, slowed, supply energy, withstand, insufficient, explain terms, loaded, impressive, directions, tells, long time] Rotational kinetic blades, rotational kinetic, lift, rotational, rotate, kinetic energy, engines, fans, crash, replenish
591 31 591_helix_double helix_strands_dna double [helix, double helix, strands, dna double, double, hydrogen bonds, base pair, dna molecule, bases, antiparallel, complementary, dna, strand, base, grooves, pairing, bonds, dna strands, orientations, helical, coiled, pair, separating, minor, anti, structure, opposite directions, diameter, nitrogenous, nm, located outside, hydrogen, twisting, matching, molecule consists, structure shown, run, dna dna, uracil, molecule form, results formation, dna structure, dimensional structure, 10 13, figure 32, 14 dna, molecule figure, guanine, cytosine, figure 14] Double helix helix, double helix, strands, dna double, double, hydrogen bonds, base pair, dna molecule, bases, antiparallel
592 31 592_46___ [46, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 46 46, , , , , , , , ,
593 31 593_repair_mismatch_corrected_nucleotide [repair, mismatch, corrected, nucleotide, dna polymerase, dimers, dna, damaged, thymine, enzymes, incorrect, replication, polymerase, bases, errors, figure 14, 14 18, replaced, recognize, 14 dna, base, removed, correct, defect, permanent, 14, dna replication, mechanism, base figure, repaired, highly accurate, various factors, 14 20, entire organism, mutations, endonuclease, cleanup, added base, inserting, discuss different, mutation, incorrectly, remove, used remove, nucleotides, integrity, proceeding, strand, copying, suffering] Repair mismatch repair, mismatch, corrected, nucleotide, dna polymerase, dimers, dna, damaged, thymine, enzymes
594 31 594_endergonic_exergonic_reactions require_reactions [endergonic, exergonic, reactions require, reactions, release energy, require, energy input, require energy, proceed, free energy, energy reaction, input, reactants, release, reactions release, products, small energy, releasing, spontaneous, reactions place, reactants products, energy state, requires energy, transition state, free, activation, energy, nonspontaneous, figure shows, higher energy, activation energy, gives energy, reactions reactions, ones, relative position, releasing energy, reaction, low high, profiles, reactions chemical, chemical reaction, value equation, reactions energy, important concept, negative, reactions figure, energy overcome, energy important, gibbs free, comparisons] Reactions endergonic, exergonic, reactions require, reactions, release energy, require, energy input, require energy, proceed, free energy
595 31 595_43___ [43, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 43 43, , , , , , , , ,
596 31 596_16 17_15 11_17 12_17 [16 17, 15 11, 17 12, 17, 12 11, 11 12, 11 14, 17 17, 17 11, 17 15, 15, 12 15, 11, 16, 12, 15 15, 13, 14, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 16, 17, 15 16 17, 15 11, 17 12, 17, 12 11, 11 12, 11 14, 17 17, 17 11, 17 15
597 31 597_phosphatase_residues_tyrosine_phosphorylation [phosphatase, residues, tyrosine, phosphorylation, serine, threonine, phosphate group, phosphorylated, phosphorylates, phosphate, pi, phosphates, kinases, phosphorylate, poisons, removes, carbohydrates lipids, activating, calcium ions, steroid hormones, amino, downstream, medications, activates, enzymes, steroid, kinase, protein, amino acids, intracellular, signaling, process called, domain, inactivate, group, terminated, lipids, cellular, degrades, added, acids proteins, proteins, hypothesized, signaling cascade, pathways, triggering, changing, group attached, carbohydrates, signaling pathways] Phosphorylation phosphatase, residues, tyrosine, phosphorylation, serine, threonine, phosphate group, phosphorylated, phosphorylates, phosphate
598 31 598_camp_amp_messengers_cyclic [camp, amp, messengers, cyclic, messenger, activates, kinase, enzyme called, second, protein kinases, phosphorylates, different cells, signaling pathway, signaling molecule, activated, kinases, different cell, signaling, signal, enzyme, turn, converts, hormone called, proteins interact, glucose energy, external internal, inactivate, specific proteins, signal cell, specific gene, energy metabolism, levels increase, used transmit, mediates, change cell, environment figure, proteins, serine, proteins cell, metabolism, leads, calcium, hormone, pathway, cells bind, calcium ion, protein, initiated, amplification, threonine] Cyclic message activation camp, amp, messengers, cyclic, messenger, activates, kinase, enzyme called, second, protein kinases
599 31 599_red light_far red_red_inactive [red light, far red, red, inactive, far, mediates, light, biologically, converts, shaded, germinate, converted, plant growth, dark, exposure, form, night, active, inhibits, physiological, immediately, absorbs, light causes, evolutionary advantages, specific gene, activity, plant, shade, plants use, slowly, conformation, lamps, change shape, determine direction, quickly, instances, remain, response, shoots, incandescent, promotes, germination, altering, flowering plants, figure 30, morphological, 38, bulbs, absorbing, growth] Inactive red light, far red, red, inactive, far, mediates, light, biologically, converts, shaded
600 30 600_answer reasonable_reasonable_make sense_does make [answer reasonable, reasonable, make sense, does make, answer, sense, check, answers, make, does, difficulty, examine, does answer, use following, error, incorrect, consistent, uncertainties, wrong, extraction, unreasonable, indication, student, recognize, specifically, estimated, clearly, cause, manner, strategies, identified, expected, look, indicate, correct, differ, determine, step, data, usually, problem, values, solution, explain, following, use, , , , ] Answering questions in a reasonable way. answer reasonable, reasonable, make sense, does make, answer, sense, check, answers, make, does
601 30 601_pion_nuclear force_strong nuclear_figure 33 [pion, nuclear force, strong nuclear, figure 33, strong, yukawa, proton neutron, force figure, 1000 times, 33, feynman, nuclear, virtual, weak nuclear, strong force, range, heisenberg uncertainty, nearly speed, 1000, heisenberg, uncertainty principle, violation, energy mass, fermi, neutron, sufficient energy, exchanged, feel, force, proton, transmitted, mass energy, weak, travels, exchange, mass, uncertainty, mass created, solution distance, times massive, given distance, converting energy, interaction, afterward, controlled conditions, exists, diagram, times, estimate, related energy] Strong Nuclear pion, nuclear force, strong nuclear, figure 33, strong, yukawa, proton neutron, force figure, 1000 times, 33
602 30 602_feedback_negative feedback_feedback loop_positive feedback [feedback, negative feedback, feedback loop, positive feedback, loop, negative, loops, stimulus, positive, following processes, homeostasis, figure 33, set point, mechanisms, cascade, blood pressure, mechanism, 33, regulated, amplifies, increased decreased, process changes, used control, feedback mechanism, setup, pressure increase, homeostatic, blood clotting, childbirth, movement, infant, negative positive, work jon, use term, controlled, increases blood, energy production, coagulation, predominant, jon sullivan, sullivan, blood, alteration, jon, clotting, result, changes direction, uterine, response, setting] Feedback feedback, negative feedback, feedback loop, positive feedback, loop, negative, loops, stimulus, positive, following processes
603 30 603_capacitance_capacitor_plate_charge stored [capacitance, capacitor, plate, charge stored, parallel, plates, volt, separated, dielectric, stored, coulomb, area, separated distance, charge, capacitors, given values, separation, coulomb force, filled, english scientist, figure 19, 19, discussion small, various materials, store, calculated example, large charge, small value, rearranging equation, michael, charge voltage, 19 20, capacitor voltage, coulombs, equation solution, force figure, proportional, connected parallel, table 19, electromagnetism, meters, electrochemistry, nylon, having, free space, entering given, equivalent, solution entering, resembles, combination] Capacitance capacitance, capacitor, plate, charge stored, parallel, plates, volt, separated, dielectric, stored
604 30 604_diffusion_surface area_exchange_waste [diffusion, surface area, exchange, waste, nutrients, feasible, sufficient, waste products, outer membrane, gas exchange, jellies, cells body, water nutrients, plasma membrane, surface, membrane, area, size, organisms, single celled, wastes, primitive, celled, plasma, direct, oxygen, nutrient, grows, exchange water, able provide, occurs process, bathed, membrane surface, ensuring, ineffective, complex organisms, area increases, center cell, entire body, watery, dioxide molecules, increased, ctenophora, unicellular organisms, internal external, animals use, amoeba, cell does, limit, body surface] Diffusion diffusion, surface area, exchange, waste, nutrients, feasible, sufficient, waste products, outer membrane, gas exchange
605 30 605_active transport_transport_active_gradient [active transport, transport, active, gradient, passive transport, passive, cell energy, secondary, gradients, primary, atp, electrochemical, concentration gradient, expends, transport process, require, substances, transporter, provides energy, electrochemical gradient, pumps, facilitated, membranes, diffusion, plasma membranes, sodium potassium, mechanisms, concentration, drive, realms, ions, energy expended, cell concentration, following understand, certain substances, energy stored, cell metabolism, difference charge, amphiphilic, does require, poisons, ions concentration, usually form, form atp, fascinating, higher concentration, expended, living, tonicity, uses energy] Active Transport active transport, transport, active, gradient, passive transport, passive, cell energy, secondary, gradients, primary
606 30 606_crustaceans_chelicerates_shrimp_jellyfish [crustaceans, chelicerates, shrimp, jellyfish, figure 28, terrestrial, 28, crabs, spiders, dioecious, legs, sea, branched, enormous, modified, invertebrates, segment, mollusks, php curid, 39 figure, curid, commons wikimedia, arthropods mollusks, species marine, https commons, cephalothorax, org index, index php, wikimedia org, __, lobsters, species like, terrestrial habitats, slugs, species exist, predominantly, marine invertebrates, marine species, earthworm, freshwater marine, marine, eagle, squids, antennae, aquatic, abdomen, basically, clams, cucumbers, php] Crustaceans crustaceans, chelicerates, shrimp, jellyfish, figure 28, terrestrial, 28, crabs, spiders, dioecious
607 30 607_al_scientific method_discoveries_scientific [al, scientific method, discoveries, scientific, experiments, scientist, revolutionary, optics, performed, franklin, method, discovered, accepted, scientists, did, use today, working, graduate, highly accurate, algorithms, figure scientists, du, sir, mentioned earlier, did make, 1967, ability form, relied, led, unaware, advancement, curl, positioning, mathematician, aided, ancient times, earlier, founder, sought, remote, england, discovering, beds, paul, france, documented, 2006, astronomy, computers, facts] Scientific Method al, scientific method, discoveries, scientific, experiments, scientist, revolutionary, optics, performed, franklin
608 30 608_river_stream_flow rate_sedimentation [river, stream, flow rate, sedimentation, rivers, widens, flowing, fast moving, slow moving, zealand, new zealand, sediments, fast, averages, falls, spreads, flow, slow, mountain, flows, slows, width, average speed, channel, reservoir, slow process, textured, unite, stream water, picking, mud, wide, watching, rate long, brazil, minimal, sticks, depth, away source, narrows, estimating, clear, rivers streams, average, size, things consider, moving, narrower, debris, terminal speed] Flow rate river, stream, flow rate, sedimentation, rivers, widens, flowing, fast moving, slow moving, zealand
609 30 609____ [, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Unknown Topic , , , , , , , , ,
610 30 610_thalamus_visual_cortex_sensory [thalamus, visual, cortex, sensory, processing, signals, brain, dedicated, information, somatosensory, sent, densely, midbrain, specific area, integration, olfaction, route, sensory receptors, signal, sensory information, cerebral cortex, exits, conducted, cerebral, superior, crossing, auditory, central nervous, olfactory, incoming, eye, figure 36, movements, station, serves, travel, importance, higher order, base brain, distinctions, routes, retina, recognizing, seeing, recall, relative sizes, signals travel, pathways, transmitted, optic] Visual thalamus, visual, cortex, sensory, processing, signals, brain, dedicated, information, somatosensory
611 30 611_capillary_capillary action_tube_action [capillary, capillary action, tube, action, glass, contact angle, sap, raised, height, high water, liquid, rise, raises, raise, radius, narrow tube, fluid raised, surface tension, suppressed, ethyl alcohol, heights, contact, tendency, ethyl, tension, example 10, narrow, rises, angle, water strategy, large radius, fluid, tube like, shows effect, alcohol, calculate ratio, suppress, weightless, used separate, calculate radius, meniscus, diameter tube, known value, small quantities, diameter, water glass, space probe, relative strength, surface liquid, 10 20] Capillary Action capillary, capillary action, tube, action, glass, contact angle, sap, raised, height, high water
612 30 612_mutations_mutation_nucleotide_substitution [mutations, mutation, nucleotide, substitution, amino acid, amino, nucleotides, nucleotide sequence, deleterious, nonfunctional, cytosine, protein, genetic code, base, adenine, results, copy, sequence, coding, code, figure 14, damage, reading, sequence genome, deletions, functional protein, functions proteins, final product, dna cell, result, replaced, 1800, single nucleotide, inserting, stop, frame, occur, duplication, gene, changes, coding region, detectable, structural, human cells, replaces, encode, dna, features, base pair, protein coding] Mutations mutations, mutation, nucleotide, substitution, amino acid, amino, nucleotides, nucleotide sequence, deleterious, nonfunctional
613 30 613_serum_coagulation_plasma_blood [serum, coagulation, plasma, blood, clotting, blood clotting, blood plasma, components, regulation body, factors, cellular components, various substances, contains water, blood serum, blood body, 90 percent, interstitial fluid, percent, osmotic, interstitial, white blood, component, waste, 40, blood cells, electrolytes, vitamin, figure 40, maintaining, body, blood high, excess heat, cells remove, fluid, rotations, antibodies, contains, cells cellular, 90, fluid fluid, matrix, lipids, liquid, nutrients, portion, cytosol, remove, ph, body body, following list] Blood clotting serum, coagulation, plasma, blood, clotting, blood clotting, blood plasma, components, regulation body, factors
614 30 614_visible_visible light_spectrum_visible spectrum [visible, visible light, spectrum, visible spectrum, wavelengths, electromagnetic spectrum, light, electromagnetic, 380, human eye, shorter wavelengths, colors, visible wavelengths, respond, portion, eyes, range, electromagnetic wave, infrared, inthe, longer wavelengths, various sources, violet, light specific, lower limit, shorter, refer, carry energy, light having, relatively little, visible range, frequencies wavelengths, better understanding, denotes, 15 shows, light spectrum, red, wavelengths visible, invisible, rainbow colors, retinal, water example, violet light, observes, uv light, tiny fraction, light emitted, figure 13, remained, obtaining] Visible spectrum visible, visible light, spectrum, visible spectrum, wavelengths, electromagnetic spectrum, light, electromagnetic, 380, human eye
615 30 615_61___ [61, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 61 61, , , , , , , , ,
616 30 616_muon_earth bound_observer_example 28 [muon, earth bound, observer, example 28, frame, moving relative, measured earth, clouds, bound, earth, sees, life time, relative, relative earth, moving observer, reference, moving, travel, rest relative, half life, cosmic ray, reference frame, measured, 28, lives, clock, relative observer, velocity relative, travels, long does, frame reference, cosmic, discussed example, 28 calculating, earth moving, half, lifetime, distances measured, measures, example given, distance points, decays, proper, decayed, earth velocity, time example, contracted, far does, distance earth, observes] Frame muon, earth bound, observer, example 28, frame, moving relative, measured earth, clouds, bound, earth
617 29 617_clinical_trial_physician_medical [clinical, trial, physician, medical, medical school, decisions, practices, professionals, decide, school, doctor, doctors, abnormalities, health, outcomes, specimens, patients, patient, graduate, consult, informed, specialization, legal, drugs, ensuring, diagnoses, cause death, publication, tissue blood, medication, lifestyle, enhancing, labs, treatment, follow, job, progression, usage, therapies, acceptable, trials, seeking, prevention, doesn, records, chances, disease, issues, illnesses, occasionally] Clinical Trial clinical, trial, physician, medical, medical school, decisions, practices, professionals, decide, school
618 29 618_84_83__ [84, 83, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Sure, the label for this topic is "84" or "83". 84, 83, , , , , , , ,
619 29 619_sessile_stage_larval_larval stages [sessile, stage, larval, larval stages, colonial, colony, bud, budding, larvae, asexual, stage life, reproduces, stages, trochophore, larval stage, jellyfish, life cycle, asexually, suitable, sexual, species, adapted, serves, development, produces gametes, adult, develops, tunicate, free floating, depending species, group called, aquatic species, adverse, form, female gametes, chordate, transforms, capturing, early development, species called, gametes, possessing, settle, share common, jellies, additional, gastrovascular cavity, worm, lasts, gastrovascular] Asexual sessile, stage, larval, larval stages, colonial, colony, bud, budding, larvae, asexual
620 29 620_organ systems_organ_organs_tissues [organ systems, organ, organs, tissues, systems, body organs, specialization, functions, specialized tissues, perform, combine form, specialized, function, exist, organized, specialized functions, working, combined form, notable, types tissue, oxygen body, collections, entire organism, kidney, different types, level organization, body structures, combine, specialize, body functions, supportive, circulatory, demand, delivering, organs body, functionally, explain role, main types, higher level, incredible, stomach, set point, organize, dermal, differentiated, cells tissues, specific, differentiation, carrying, tissue] Organ Systems organ systems, organ, organs, tissues, systems, body organs, specialization, functions, specialized tissues, perform
621 29 621_sketch_draw sketch_draw_strategy [sketch, draw sketch, draw, strategy, fitting, situation, using appropriate, draw diagram, make sure, hole, come stop, diagram, questions 16, puzzle, strategy given, round, helps, make, visualizing, recording, justify, appropriate, sure, square, toy, visualize, careful, drawing, don, thinking questions, asked, pieces, answers, useful, children, critical thinking, analyze, symbols, coordinate, thinking, showing, stop, problem, come, key, directions, provided, understand, critical, help] Sketch sketch, draw sketch, draw, strategy, fitting, situation, using appropriate, draw diagram, make sure, hole
622 29 622_41_46_47_49 [41, 46, 47, 49, 54, 44, 43, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Sure, the topic is about the digits 41, 46, 47, 41, 46, 47, 49, 54, 44, 43, , ,
623 29 623_principles involved_physical principles_integrated_principles [principles involved, physical principles, integrated, principles, concepts, integrated concepts, concept, involved, identify, physical, topics, problem, problem example, strategy solve, worked example, chapters, solve, skills, example illustrates, problems, statics, gasoline, illustrates, worked, apply, strategy, understand, 10 illustrates, appreciate, build, kinematics, step, need understand, deeply, pilot, 29 10, strategies, 116, technician, forces affect, motion gravitation, force newton, 1600, waste heat, example 18, power rate, qualitative, examine situation, applied, feeling] Principles principles involved, physical principles, integrated, principles, concepts, integrated concepts, concept, involved, identify, physical
624 29 624_film_interference_light reflected_crest [film, interference, light reflected, crest, path length, thickness, destructive, constructive, change angle, wavelength light, films, 27, length difference, integral, reflected, indices, interference pattern, interfere, surfaces, destructive interference, figure 27, wavelength, obtain destructive, crest crest, pattern, industrial applications, seen microscope, light reflects, 27 33, 33 shows, depends, crest trough, light color, ll, expose, various parts, half integral, various media, optical instruments, indices refraction, scott, zealand, refractive, new zealand, path, shift, colors, able discuss, broader, refraction] Path length film, interference, light reflected, crest, path length, thickness, destructive, constructive, change angle, wavelength light
625 29 625_relativistic_velocity addition_relativistic velocity_velocities [relativistic, velocity addition, relativistic velocity, velocities, addition, relativistic speeds, classical, moving relativistic, length contraction, 28, velocity, relativity, relative velocity, relative observer, speed light, contraction, greater speed, speeds, exceed, observer, relative, correct, add, daily life, observer relativistic, second postulate, speed, objects moving, isaac newton, isaac, signals travel, news, looked, moving, flickr chapter, nearly equal, speed figure, low velocities, airplanes, extremely small, spaceship, velocity speed, classically, formula, says, able calculate, consideration, symmetric, example illustrates, velocity object] Relativistic Velocity Addition relativistic, velocity addition, relativistic velocity, velocities, addition, relativistic speeds, classical, moving relativistic, length contraction, 28
626 29 626_probability_probabilities_rule_event [probability, probabilities, rule, event, product, sum, events, word, apply, rule states, use word, occurring, outcomes, table 12, notice, occur, indicates, dividing, individual, description, theoretical, independent, suggests, summed, calculate probability, circumstance, possible outcomes, exclusive, occur equal, make use, clear, opportunities, penny, application, expected, mutually, sum individual, appropriate, likelihood, rolling, outcome, returning, times, calculated, basics, possibilities, multiplying, knowing, demonstrate, multiply] Probability probability, probabilities, rule, event, product, sum, events, word, apply, rule states
627 29 627_harmless_systemic_allergic_immune [harmless, systemic, allergic, immune, response, immune response, autoimmune, exposure, antibodies, immediate, individual dna, self antigens, foreign, poison, antigens, mimicry, pollen, acquired, mediated, figure 42, severe, symptoms, responses, develop, humoral immune, manifest, antigen, life threatening, inflammatory response, approximately percent, tuberculosis, contributor, individuals, mediates, reaction second, unnecessary, work mikael, watery, mikael häggström, mikael, lesions, asthma, foreign particles, häggström, threatening, shows example, certain types, mild, wheat, work nih] Immune Response harmless, systemic, allergic, immune, response, immune response, autoimmune, exposure, antibodies, immediate
628 29 628_filaments_microfilaments_intermediate_actin [filaments, microfilaments, intermediate, actin, cytoskeleton, microtubules, strands, cytoskeletal, fibrous, fibers, connect, filament, comprise, composed proteins, fibrous protein, runs length, protein, widest, create, proteins plasma, key components, types, compositions, adjacent cells, supportive, diverse group, globular, main types, figure 24, anchor, equator, bundle, plasma membrane, contractile, proteins, metaphase plate, inward, 24, figure 22, wound, bear, sheet, figure 23, pulled, carefully, collectively, inside cell, books biology, biology 2e, multimedia content] Fibers filaments, microfilaments, intermediate, actin, cytoskeleton, microtubules, strands, cytoskeletal, fibrous, fibers
629 29 629_frequency wavelength_sound_speed sound_sound frequency [frequency wavelength, sound, speed sound, sound frequency, longitudinal, sound wave, wavelength, sound waves, frequency, waves, wave, speed, wavelength given, wavelength frequency, fluids, shear, amplitude, propagation, higher speed, relationship, amplitude wave, larger area, given frequency, distance source, wavelength figure, energy wave, sheet paper, calculate speed, flickr, frequency sound, instances, 17 sound, 1500, medium, vibrating, source energy, 96, air water, periodic, appreciable, conceptual questions, sheet, transverse, hz, illustration, conceptual, 17, answer question, strength, applies] Frequency frequency wavelength, sound, speed sound, sound frequency, longitudinal, sound wave, wavelength, sound waves, frequency, waves
630 29 630_pyramids_pyramid_ecological_upright [pyramids, pyramid, ecological, upright, ecosystem, energy flow, inverted, biomass, modeling, stone, figure 46, trophic, depicting, 46, structure figure, construction, flow, ancient, diamond, blocks, depict, probably, models, egypt, 1920s, used energy, relative amounts, pioneering, parameters, structure, shaped, slightly different, ecosystems, oak, visualized, lifting, trees, levels, visualize, storing, charles, english, productivity, trophic level, springs, machines, vital, match, compare, organisms] Pyramid pyramids, pyramid, ecological, upright, ecosystem, energy flow, inverted, biomass, modeling, stone
631 29 631_helium_liquid nitrogen_coolant_escape [helium, liquid nitrogen, coolant, escape, liquid, costs, boiling point, 77, boiling, atmosphere, cheaper, temperature liquid, handle, cooling, low temperatures, boils, instant, superconducting, nitrogen, natural gas, liter, gravitational pull, substance known, welding, earth gravitational, achieving, materials, safer, high pressures, helium atom, earth gravity, speed greater, balloons, chemical processes, diffusing, 1000 times, temperature dependence, 11 calculating, escapes, boiling temperature, away earth, temperatures, possesses, traditional, inexpensive, nonzero, small number, freezes, bearing, used make] Coolant helium, liquid nitrogen, coolant, escape, liquid, costs, boiling point, 77, boiling, atmosphere
632 29 632_apoptosis_trigger_damaged_repair [apoptosis, trigger, damaged, repair, checkpoint, based fact, 10 16, inactivates, functional, encodes, marks, fail, mutated, abnormal, activates, cell cycle, degradation, binding, dna, lose ability, repaired, detected, functional protein, death apoptosis, dna figure, dna dna, specific enzymes, activity, duplication, higher levels, compromised, internal external, protein, tumor cells, programmed cell, severely, supply, cell, genomic dna, binds, mechanisms, triggered, think, multi, inhibitor, programmed, cancerous, cell death, accumulate, rb] Repair apoptosis, trigger, damaged, repair, checkpoint, based fact, 10 16, inactivates, functional, encodes
633 29 633_carbonyl_carbon atom_carbonyl group_carboxylic [carbonyl, carbon atom, carbonyl group, carboxylic, alcohols, aldehyde, carbon, oxygen atom, alcohol, group, carboxylic acids, atom, esters, bonded carbon, bonded, organic compound, carbon atoms, oh, organic, functional, oxidized, functional group, carboxylic acid, carbon hydrogen, attached, atom bonded, hydrogen atom, oxidation number, oh group, group carbon, compound containing, ester, attached carbon, oxidation, hydrogen atoms, functional groups, atom attached, containing carbon, hydrogen, bond, group attached, organic molecule, consisting, replaced, containing, organic molecules, oxygen, atoms, acids, double bond] Carbonyl carbonyl, carbon atom, carbonyl group, carboxylic, alcohols, aldehyde, carbon, oxygen atom, alcohol, group
634 29 634_electrolytes_dissociate_ionic compounds_ionic [electrolytes, dissociate, ionic compounds, ionic, electrolyte, dissolved, ions, dissolve, solvated, water molecules, ions dissolved, dissolve water, dissolution, compounds, physical chemical, dissolved water, ions solution, strong, complex ion, react water, surround, completely, substances, yield, constituent, dissociation, dispersed, water, ionic compound, attractions, compound, ion dipole, important class, solute, ion, important process, chapter solutions, polar regions, letting, substance known, fixed number, ions called, class compounds, compounds called, thorough, molecules polar, electrostatic, solution figure, disrupted, chemical process] Electrolytes electrolytes, dissociate, ionic compounds, ionic, electrolyte, dissolved, ions, dissolve, solvated, water molecules
635 29 635_radioisotopes_radioactive_medical_nuclear physics [radioisotopes, radioactive, medical, nuclear physics, radioactive isotopes, applications, medical applications, isotopes, radioactive substance, short half, medicine, radioisotope, used medical, relatively short, half lives, iodine 131, cobalt 60, 99, technetium, 131, lives, nuclear, iodine, used, cobalt, track, short, substance, physics, imaging, diverse, commercial applications, revolutionized, used nuclear, able list, compounds known, used medicine, medical diagnostic, substance called, diagnostic uses, body organs, biochemical reactions, administered, energy credit, emit radiation, credit national, compound called, radiopharmaceuticals, hundreds millions, 201] Radioisotopes radioisotopes, radioactive, medical, nuclear physics, radioactive isotopes, applications, medical applications, isotopes, radioactive substance, short half
636 28 636_strategy_straightforward application_straightforward_using equation [strategy, straightforward application, straightforward, using equation, asked, strategy given, strategy concept, solve problem, equation, solve, application, strategy problem, given expression, taking square, solution initial, convenient use, 27 33, quantities equation, strategy energy, right equation, solving problems, refer figure, strategy solve, know, quantities known, equation given, substituting given, inductive reactance, problem, given, given calculate, concept, solve unknown, initial position, gathering, square root, truly, unknown, expression, final position, strategy solution, given values, remarkable, given equation, rem, conservative forces, equation solve, energy given, inductive, use equation] Strategy strategy, straightforward application, straightforward, using equation, asked, strategy given, strategy concept, solve problem, equation, solve
637 28 637_relativity_relativistic_special relativity_classical [relativity, relativistic, special relativity, classical, modern relativity, special, speed light, implications, effects, low velocities, reaching, classical physics, experiences, speed, strong gravitational, modern, account, field near, speed speed, speed limit, positioning, taken account, implication, scope text, examine, everyday, greater speed, limit, limited, speeds, examine situation, situations, situation determine, highly, velocities, gravitational field, 03, violate, moving speed, astronomical, facts, saw, classically, realize, little, meant, real world, encounter, scope, travel] Special Relativity relativity, relativistic, special relativity, classical, modern relativity, special, speed light, implications, effects, low velocities
638 28 638_premise_inconsistent_unreasonable_wrong [premise, inconsistent, unreasonable, wrong, available, 67, problems, orbit, 00, equation, certain, results, explain, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Unsuitable premise premise, inconsistent, unreasonable, wrong, available, 67, problems, orbit, 00, equation
639 28 639_solution solution_solution given_knowns_solution [solution solution, solution given, knowns, solution, list, solution identify, example 23, identify knowns, problem, fourth, discussion small, definitely, example using, suggestion, solve example, 10 example, given discussion, given solution, particularly useful, solution problem, values expression, 23 11, given, 23 10, given information, solution entering, finite, yields discussion, problems exercises, solve, entering known, exercises, discussion, constants, expression, false, identify, problem solving, needs, particularly, known values, 23, values, enter, entering, efficiency, problems, requires, section, yields] Solution solution solution, solution given, knowns, solution, list, solution identify, example 23, identify knowns, problem, fourth
640 28 640_field uniform_uniform_uniform electric_field strength [field uniform, uniform, uniform electric, field strength, strength, electric field, field, electric, field field, maximum electric, near, electric magnetic, given distance, told, magnitude electric, field point, entering values, direction field, special case, scalar quantity, field inside, point space, conductor, field created, strongest, scalar, edges, values equation, assume, equation gives, created, possibility, gives discussion, resulting, region, note, interior, technology, locations, directly proportional, inside, maximum, magnetic, magnetic field, magnetic fields, magnitude direction, interesting, creates, magnitude, today] Field Strength field uniform, uniform, uniform electric, field strength, strength, electric field, field, electric, field field, maximum electric
641 28 641_flickr_credit_commons credit_credit jon [flickr, credit, commons credit, credit jon, credit john, wikimedia commons, wikimedia, commons, et al, et, jon, john, flickr credit, al, inset, myriam feldman, myriam, feldman, linda, 2002, jason, www, au, com, sullivan, jon sullivan, ma, public, lt, 64, 59, neon, 51, domain, old, 47, http, 43, org, 22, credit modification, 13, 21, modification work, modification, work, , , , ] Commons credit flickr, credit, commons credit, credit jon, credit john, wikimedia commons, wikimedia, commons, et al, et
642 28 642_lung_alveoli_trachea_sacs [lung, alveoli, trachea, sacs, reserve, respiratory, ventilation, pharynx, inhalation, ducts, sac, capacity, air, duct, larynx, lungs, nasal cavity, hemoglobin, forced, nasal, lacks, tidal, residual, volume, throat, figure 39, maximal, airways, gas exchange, veins, cavity, space, exhalation, terminal, anatomical, partial pressure, carbonic, 20 30, inspiration, lung tissue, vital, region, tissue layers, disease disease, dead, proper, particulate matter, measurement, red blood, physiological] Alveoli lung, alveoli, trachea, sacs, reserve, respiratory, ventilation, pharynx, inhalation, ducts
643 28 643_land plants_land_plants_archaeplastida [land plants, land, plants, archaeplastida, monophyletic, plantae, common ancestor, dna analysis, closest, relatives, descendants, ancestor, green algae, seedless, kingdom, analysis, jerry, kirkhart, parallels, jerry kirkhart, inclusion, major difference, probably, 25, single common, excludes, representative, group called, monophyletic group, common, supportive, reproductive strategies, new information, comparative, distinguishing, superficially, mystery, straight lines, incredible, florida, seedless plants, precursors, algae, features, alga, sharing, algal, solely, arises, plant life] Archaeplastida land plants, land, plants, archaeplastida, monophyletic, plantae, common ancestor, dna analysis, closest, relatives
644 28 644_anaerobic_respiration_aerobic respiration_aerobic [anaerobic, respiration, aerobic respiration, aerobic, oxygen, fermentation, organisms convert, prokaryotes, presence oxygen, convert energy, metabolism, absence, grow, energy use, bacteria archaea, survive, billion years, atmosphere, archaea, early life, oxygen available, living things, billion, earth nearly, anaerobically, organisms require, relied, use oxygen, species bacteria, organisms, nitrogen cycles, clostridium, diplomonads, lacked, parabasalids, significant amounts, living, molecular oxygen, byproduct, perform, life forms, evidence suggests, environments, disrupt, eukaryotes, metabolic, cattle, reside, underwater, rice] Anaerobic respiration anaerobic, respiration, aerobic respiration, aerobic, oxygen, fermentation, organisms convert, prokaryotes, presence oxygen, convert energy
645 28 645_59___ [59, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 59 59, , , , , , , , ,
646 28 646_speed light_vacuum_speed_light [speed light, vacuum, speed, light, light travels, light speed, distance light, accuracy, travels, defined distance, motion source, speed relative, meter, independent, observer, physicists, value, relative observer, accepted, demonstrated, fundamental constants, someday, experiment, fundamental, 25 11, used today, microscopic, accepted value, determine speed, slightly larger, great precision, second postulate, travels distance, change speed, aided, substructure matter, entering values, example 28, electricity magnetism, values expression, approximate value, misconception alert, today, alert, travel speed, american physicist, spaceship, implied, expression gives, beam light] Speed of Light speed light, vacuum, speed, light, light travels, light speed, distance light, accuracy, travels, defined distance
647 28 647_amplitude_intensity_energy wave_wave [amplitude, intensity, energy wave, wave, squared, 16 11, waves, individual waves, unit area, energy directly, carry energy, carried, proportional, multiplied distance, longer wavelengths, times great, directly proportional, pertinent, energy proportional, distance consecutive, 10 superposition, amplitude wave, 17 16, unit, intensity light, candle, whichever, 16, force multiplied, pages 16, scientists determine, related, transit, consecutive, energy depends, energy carried, shorter wavelengths, types waves, determine energy, 16 10, violate, power, energy, navy, versions, crest, luminous, carry, able calculate, oscillates] Amplitude amplitude, intensity, energy wave, wave, squared, 16 11, waves, individual waves, unit area, energy directly
648 28 648_frequency_frequencies_played_musical [frequency, frequencies, played, musical, receive, emitting, fine tune, 12 000, tune, directly away, 220, spots, message, swing, high frequency, fine, typical, instrument, returns, beat, incoming, received, sound waves, flies, foods, 49, speed sound, vacuum, string, channels, sound, middle, plane, 37, fundamental, approximately, hot, interference, 000, lines, away, effects, individual, smaller, function, directly, present, source, waves, 12] Frequency frequency, frequencies, played, musical, receive, emitting, fine tune, 12 000, tune, directly away
649 28 649_car_calculate force_passenger_car moving [car, calculate force, passenger, car moving, truck, bring, exerts, professional application, boat, average force, professional, force backward, compresses, halt, air resistance, stopped, calculate average, applied force, stop, force, calculate, constant speed, application, pushes, stops, backward, resisting, mud, resists, speed calculate, kg, constant appropriate, based experimental, come stop, calculate minimum, plus, 1800, moving constant, following question, car mass, acceleration car, appropriate units, 1900, greater pressure, average, acceleration, exert, moving, force exerted, rest] Force Applied car, calculate force, passenger, car moving, truck, bring, exerts, professional application, boat, average force
650 28 650_58___ [58, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 58 58, , , , , , , , ,
651 28 651_carrier particles_carrier_particles_yukawa [carrier particles, carrier, particles, yukawa, predicted, particle, weak force, 2012, exchange, transmitted, nuclear force, particles called, existence, ultimate, carriers, table 33, weak, strong nuclear, elementary, anticipated, characteristics including, conjectured, observed, elementary particles, 50 years, massive particle, certain circumstances, 2013, particles observed, chargeless, proposed, forces involved, super, important characteristic, gauge, discovery, peter, certainty, news, seen table, force, does imply, intriguing, hope, transmitting, guts, fundamental particles, similarity, certainly, proposal] Weak force exchange carrier particles, carrier, particles, yukawa, predicted, particle, weak force, 2012, exchange, transmitted
652 28 652_fermentation_alcohol_yeast_beer [fermentation, alcohol, yeast, beer, ethanol, juice, wine, sugars, nasa, acidity, acid, bacteria, derived, sugar, production, providing, cases, milk, 21 percent, provide additional, propanol, spoil, catalog, pyruvic, pyruvic acid, conditions figure, coenzyme, pathogenic bacteria, does result, ingredients, malt, purified, metabolic reactions, distilled, vent, societies, byproduct, distillation, participate, dehydrogenase, tolerance, work nasa, reaction water, method used, metabolic, cheese, does contain, accounts, large quantities, kills] Fermentation fermentation, alcohol, yeast, beer, ethanol, juice, wine, sugars, nasa, acidity
653 28 653_mri_magnetic resonance_imaging_resonance imaging [mri, magnetic resonance, imaging, resonance imaging, resonance, diagnostic, magnetic, images, tool, detailed, medical imaging, medical diagnostic, radio waves, medical, threedimensional, resonate, used medical, tumors, patient, tools, radio, rays, magnets, nuclear, 30 minutes, external field, close body, research development, supplement, past decades, mri unit, applied magnetic, fundamentals, 50 years, analytical tool, called magnetic, used supply, types tissue, use word, waves used, atomic nuclei, disadvantage, provide information, implication, certain types, magnetic properties, practices, highly, injuries, externally] MRI mri, magnetic resonance, imaging, resonance imaging, resonance, diagnostic, magnetic, images, tool, detailed
654 28 654_consider following_following example_example consider_consider [consider following, following example, example consider, consider, situation, example, example simple, examples, point example, common example, examples illustrate, answer questions, let, following, consider example, answer following, example illustrates, outcome, answer example, father, scenario, answer, running, try, explain answer, assumption, details, illustrate, illustrates, follow, helps, text, concept, specific, common, support, questions, true, provide, involved, place, case, simple, explain, end, point, , , , ] Consider consider following, following example, example consider, consider, situation, example, example simple, examples, point example, common example
655 28 655_vinegar_acetic acid_acetic_odor [vinegar, acetic acid, acetic, odor, acid water, acid, taste, sour, distilled, weak acid, acid weak, juice, carboxylic, carbonate, determination, white, potassium, 15 solution, solute, ended, weak, antacid, greater weight, concentration substance, molar concentrations, solution example, pocket, water example, concentration solute, acid figure, suffer, water density, carboxylic acid, painful, carboxylic acids, good example, esters, mass solution, volume solution, formula, figure 14, bringing, buffers, figure 15, certainly, apple, constitutes, feels, ingredient, solution contains] Vinegar vinegar, acetic acid, acetic, odor, acid water, acid, taste, sour, distilled, weak acid
656 28 656_52___ [52, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 52 52, , , , , , , , ,
657 27 657_volt_ev_volts_potential difference [volt, ev, volts, potential difference, energy electron, electron, energy ev, submicroscopic, accelerated, energy unit, potential, energy given, convenient, electron energy, difference, electrical potential, ev energy, electrons energy, unit called, potential energy, electric potential, binding energies, equation form, energy sum, wire, 100 000, kinetic energy, energy, energy converted, stops, energies, kinetic, plate, given potential, convenient unit, energies energy, fundamental, voltage, does increase, increase kinetic, converting energy, used nuclear, unit, energy number, large large, atomic scale, given, electron charge, determined measuring, accelerating voltage] Potential difference volt, ev, volts, potential difference, energy electron, electron, energy ev, submicroscopic, accelerated, energy unit
658 27 658_hooke law_hooke_deformation_stress strain [hooke law, hooke, deformation, stress strain, strain, stress, law, proportionality constant, proportionality, applied force, force displacement, restoring, elasticity, revisited, change length, restoring force, direction force, hook, shows graph, deformations, force, springs, 16, graph, displacement, analogous, versus, law motion, equation form, applied, newton law, composition, spring, figure 16, straight line, law simple, obeys, opposite signs, relationship force, straight, form equation, depends, questions 16, changes volume, force small, law calculate, absolute value, versus distance, pages 16, force figure] Hooke Law hooke law, hooke, deformation, stress strain, strain, stress, law, proportionality constant, proportionality, applied force
659 27 659_drag_drag force_proportional square_coefficient [drag, drag force, proportional square, coefficient, using equation, dramatically, proportional, square, table lists, credit army, velocity does, forces learning, medium air, crisis, dimensionless, velocity using, large objects, constant mass, force, density air, force large, speeds, army, quadratic, 1970s, velocity, terminal, mathematically, answer example, equal weight, behaves, presents, trying, denser, typical, filters, force equal, credit nasa, successive, lists, relatively small, assume, air, exerts force, thrust, physics 2e, college physics, books college, magnitudes, object] Drag drag, drag force, proportional square, coefficient, using equation, dramatically, proportional, square, table lists, credit army
660 27 660_lipids_cholesterol_phospholipids_steroid [lipids, cholesterol, phospholipids, steroid, steroids, hydrophobic, lipid, phospholipid, waxes, fats oils, major types, membrane cells, lipids proteins, fats, plasma, oils, plasma membrane, functions, membrane, plants animals, nature, nonpolar, hydrophobic nature, rafts, presence water, different functions, alongside, situated, drugs, viruses bacteria, ring structure, diverse group, exposing, transmembrane, animals figure, various substances, hydrocarbon chains, basic structure, aggregate, explain role, phospholipid bilayer, organizing, helps, maintain, class, perspective, substances, waxy, precursor, components] Lipids lipids, cholesterol, phospholipids, steroid, steroids, hydrophobic, lipid, phospholipid, waxes, fats oils
661 27 661_53_48_56_52 [53, 48, 56, 52, 55, 58, 62, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] **53, 48, 5 53, 48, 56, 52, 55, 58, 62, , ,
662 27 662_gravitational potential_potential energy_gravitational_potential [gravitational potential, potential energy, gravitational, potential, energy object, height, pyramid, generators, center mass, raised, object, energy, earth surface, drop pressure, position, mass center, relative position, note units, stored, earth, decrease pressure, position relative, gain, calculate kinetic, surface point, energy using, descends, force gravitational, earth gravitational, work figure, lake, vertical position, arbitrary, energy depends, relative ground, energy difference, hung, broadly applicable, mass earth, calculations, accompanied, significance, denote, lifting, relative, change, broadly, gained, simplify, task] Gravitational Potential gravitational potential, potential energy, gravitational, potential, energy object, height, pyramid, generators, center mass, raised
663 27 663_step step_step_suspect_runner [step step, step, suspect, runner, exergonic, irreversible, assumptions, highly, use, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Step step step, step, suspect, runner, exergonic, irreversible, assumptions, highly, use,
664 27 664_radon_lung cancer_buildings_exposure [radon, lung cancer, buildings, exposure, houses, radium, homes, lung, foundations, cancer, hazardous, dangerous, soils, dials, levels high, doped, speculated, smoking, low level, daughters, natural sources, 1932, levels, indoor, cracks, recent studies, studies indicate, pipes, granite, world, recommended, accumulates, argued, soil, uranium 238, 34 figure, higher levels, comes, slowly, 1950s, especially, 20 percent, 20 000, radiation exposure, escapes, gas, world war, pronounced, realized, porous] Radon exposure in buildings radon, lung cancer, buildings, exposure, houses, radium, homes, lung, foundations, cancer
665 27 665_gravitational_waves_detectors_mass sun [gravitational, waves, detectors, mass sun, times mass, massive, detector, general relativity, black holes, observatory, space, laser, pond, facility, holes, supernova, wave, predicted, vibrations, relativity, direct, detect, black, detection, observation, waves moving, mass created, direct observation, detected, measure relative, peak power, 50 times, 1993, sun, times, supernovas, waves figure, nasa esa, provide information, explosions, weakest, figure 34, esa, arising, provide, passing, waves travel, general, washington, dozen] Gravitational Waves gravitational, waves, detectors, mass sun, times mass, massive, detector, general relativity, black holes, observatory
666 27 666_yield_theoretical_percent_limiting reactant [yield, theoretical, percent, limiting reactant, limiting, product, reaction yields, specified conditions, reaction, actual, calculate percent, yields, reaction produces, stoichiometry, reactant, isolated, balanced chemical, chemical equation, specified, sulfate, obtained, extent, calculation percent, given chemical, expressed, compound following, yield number, copper, gas example, credit jon, reaction answer, theoretically, ethyl acetate, stoichiometry reaction, representing reaction, chemical process, purified, generated, determined experimentally, predicted, process produces, equation representing, 2006, mt, balanced, jon, identifies, appropriate, molar amounts, according equation] Yield yield, theoretical, percent, limiting reactant, limiting, product, reaction yields, specified conditions, reaction, actual
667 27 667_seed plants_seed_seeds_plants [seed plants, seed, seeds, plants, embryo, coat, societies, dominate, food reserves, human life, reserves, landscape, grown, human, complex carbohydrates, integral, food, human societies, human diet, day day, delicate, evolutionary advantages, used large, 260, human populations, group plants, served, reproductive strategies, play, contribution, evolutionary advantage, diets, cloth, carbohydrates lipids, fibers, mention, cotton, germinates, plants figure, humans animals, figure 26, life, life forms, shelter, source, traditionally, harvested, disappearance, food source, exclusively] Seeds seed plants, seed, seeds, plants, embryo, coat, societies, dominate, food reserves, human life
668 27 668_step step_step_steps_tenth [step step, step, steps, tenth, following steps, step process, columns, replace, consists, weight, using, process, following, 10, used, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Steps step step, step, steps, tenth, following steps, step process, columns, replace, consists, weight
669 27 669_inductor_low frequency_reactance_capacitor [inductor, low frequency, reactance, capacitor, filter, frequency, resonant, pf, high frequency, resonant frequency, 52, capacitors, inductors, frequencies, low, low frequencies, impede, dominates, figure 23, oscillates, acts, radiates, dominated, noise, ranging, 23, like simple, circuits, rapid change, different frequencies, similarly discussion, capacitance, things consider, power lines, large current, assumes, reacts, resonant frequencies, integrated concepts, circuit, high frequencies, acceptable, higher frequency, needed produce, 00, needed, totally, high, integrated, 81] Reactance inductor, low frequency, reactance, capacitor, filter, frequency, resonant, pf, high frequency, resonant frequency
670 27 670_offspring_parents_inherited_traits [offspring, parents, inherited, traits, parent offspring, deleterious, blend, characteristics, genes, variation, phenotypes, parent, genetics, parental, exhibit characteristics, undesirable, genes genes, species specific, identical parent, mutations, detach, species animals, related individuals, learn, asymmetry, reproduce, allele, reproduce sexually, early development, unique, impacts, risks, individuals species, assemble, fecundity, bringing, meant, maternal, carry, abnormalities, produce offspring, resembles, genetic diversity, size shape, combination, families, figure 12, ensures, regard, resemble] Offspring offspring, parents, inherited, traits, parent offspring, deleterious, blend, characteristics, genes, variation
671 27 671_eye_cornea_adjusts_lens [eye, cornea, adjusts, lens, light coming, 26 shows, retina, coming, shows basic, does tell, light, 25 11, low light, entering eye, relaxes, focus, changing direction, alessandro, dilate, light entering, conspicuous, image retina, good approximation, figure 26, given energy, discussed chapter, deposit, elongated, example 25, device used, fitting, room, ambient, lying, reduce, diagram figure, real image, 26, lens eye, layers, interface, contracts, aberrations, image formation, projection, transparent, aperture, conceptual questions, limitations, brightness] Eye eye, cornea, adjusts, lens, light coming, 26 shows, retina, coming, shows basic, does tell
672 27 672_circulatory_hemocoel_circulatory systems_open [circulatory, hemocoel, circulatory systems, open, closed, mollusks, vertebrates, vessels, circulation, vertebrate, blood, blood vessels, systems, crustaceans, blood circulation, invertebrates, figure 40, cavity, hemolymph, arthropods, rest body, interstitial fluid, heart, differences, pumped, interstitial, evolution, animals, 40, anatomy, dorsal, gills, organization, respiratory structures, different animals, body types, major body, reptiles mammals, vessel, hearts, arthropods mollusks, evolved, alimentary canal, nci nih, time simple, lobsters, body, fish amphibians, contained, alimentary] Circulatory Systems circulatory, hemocoel, circulatory systems, open, closed, mollusks, vertebrates, vessels, circulation, vertebrate
673 27 673_phet explorations_explorations_phet_position velocity [phet explorations, explorations, phet, position velocity, velocity acceleration, learn, vectors, forces work, position, try, exploration, simulation, playing, join, push, ramp, setting, point charges, john, explore, monitor, equipotential lines, neuron, revolution, rotational motion, acceleration, equipotential, lab, motion, stimulate, voltages, initial conditions, useful visualizing, gravitational forces, play, realistic, space station, charges, forces, cannon, velocity, happens, visualizing, electric field, game, blast, investigate, objects, discs, rotational] Position Velocity Acceleration phet explorations, explorations, phet, position velocity, velocity acceleration, learn, vectors, forces work, position, try
674 27 674_pound_pounds_bag_bags [pound, pounds, bag, bags, rice, weights, feels, 20, 20 percent, weight, 20 40, 10 percent, lb, difference, differentiate, percent, hypothesis, larger, easy, multiplied distance, increment, expected value, note units, 20 24, unit mass, total weight, units mass, mass multiplied, method connection, proportionally, united, smallest, detectable, bathroom scale, plus sign, weigh, kilometer, group, error, units used, demonstration, month, step, weighing, bathroom, systematic, detects, tested, reads, metric] Weight pound, pounds, bag, bags, rice, weights, feels, 20, 20 percent, weight
675 27 675_average pressure_depth_reservoir_water average [average pressure, depth, reservoir, water average, force exerted, weight, increasing pressure, withstand, density water, china, small compared, exerted, increasing, average, force, water held, solution average, figure 11, calculating average, following sections, force depends, water increases, force small, area contact, given density, water, retaining, force given, water table, million people, retains, force large, 11, supply, pressure weight, rectangular, water calculate, 11 calculating, 12 shows, large small, pressure figure, pressure, projects, total force, weight fluid, happened, figure 12, balance, creation, mass water] Average Pressure average pressure, depth, reservoir, water average, force exerted, weight, increasing pressure, withstand, density water, china
676 27 676_44___ [44, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 44 44, , , , , , , , ,
677 27 677_loudness_intensity_db_hz [loudness, intensity, db, hz, sound intensity, sound, 60, level, 70, sounds, hearing, curve, squared, watts, numerically, grid, curves, 80, uncertainties, 40, threshold, meter, lies, having, 51, 000 hz, 8000, used express, 1000, persons, unit called, frequency, halfway, difficulties, represents, solution identify, painful, 5000, sound frequency, 3000, versus, normal, perceived, 4000, square, example 17, locate, extracted, damaging, 600] Loudness loudness, intensity, db, hz, sound intensity, sound, 60, level, 70, sounds
678 27 678_pole_cg_hands_right hand [pole, cg, hands, right hand, hand, holds, holding, halfway, horizontally, weight, left hand, support weight, center gravity, left, right, figure 20, shoot, exerts, reverses direction, clockwise torque, mass figure, counters, apart, held, closer, exactly analogous, reverses, figure 18, near end, 900, force exerts, long distance, bends, equal, situation, total force, perpendicular lever, emerges, equal weight, lever arm, solving strategy, counterclockwise, exerted, figure 19, torque, force equal, 20, support, direction force, clockwise] Pole pole, cg, hands, right hand, hand, holds, holding, halfway, horizontally, weight
679 26 679_capacitor_voltage capacitor_discharging_resistor [capacitor, voltage capacitor, discharging, resistor, charging, voltage, uncharged, exponential, figure 21, time constant, discharge, calculus, initially, using calculus, resistor circuit, pf, discharged, series resistor, long does, 21, conjunction, circuit figure, voltage source, time required, emf, 38, time, exact, starting, dc, rises, circuit, 37, constants, voltage decreases, natural logarithm, 632, constant figure, schematically figure, hallmark, derived using, shown schematically, final value, calculate time, voltage resistance, exponentially, source voltage, long, capacitor voltage, applied capacitor] Charging capacitor capacitor, voltage capacitor, discharging, resistor, charging, voltage, uncharged, exponential, figure 21, time constant
680 26 680_sulfur_sulfur atom_rings_chains [sulfur, sulfur atom, rings, chains, membered, molecule molecule, sulfuric acid, hybridization, sulfuric, lewis structure, resonance, lone pair, single bonds, bonding pairs, hexafluoride, neighbors, lewis, helical, regions electron, resonance forms, enveloped, molecular structure, bonded, figure 18, image shows, naked, pairs electrons, lone, ring, sulfur dioxide, atom, oxygen atoms, sulfate, bonds, pair, structure, electron density, base figure, contains nitrogen, series reactions, membered rings, atoms lone, bond molecule, atoms, oh groups, bonded oxygen, predict molecular, stable form, adopt, form single] Rings sulfur, sulfur atom, rings, chains, membered, molecule molecule, sulfuric acid, hybridization, sulfuric, lewis structure
681 26 681_clotting_blood vessel_wound_vessel [clotting, blood vessel, wound, vessel, blood, coagulation, plug, factor, blood clotting, damaged, figure 40, site, adhere, transporting, factors, water soluble, fragments, loss, activates, cells called, contents, soluble, prevent, attracted, 2000 3000, constricting, protein, cause change, thousands, 400 000, factor binds, series steps, 40, bleeding, wounds, cells lining, millimeter, participate, fighting, blood serum, conjunction, blood cells, converge, cells blood, 3000, protein called, initiates, forming, injury, lasts] Clotting clotting, blood vessel, wound, vessel, blood, coagulation, plug, factor, blood clotting, damaged
682 26 682_friction_friction force_force friction_thermal energy [friction, friction force, force friction, thermal energy, package, kinetic energy, work, energy kinetic, kinetic, mechanical energy, nonconservative, energy strategy, energy removed, removes, stops, force displacement, thermal, initial kinetic, distance traveled, work force, total work, player, mechanical, traveled, pushing, does work, person, removed, energy work, energy, force, energy completely, sin, minus, expends, motion friction, work energy, face, equating, expressed equation, energy moving, starting ending, plus, ending points, depends path, terms energy, energy thermal, work net, energy zero, energy forms] Friction friction, friction force, force friction, thermal energy, package, kinetic energy, work, energy kinetic, kinetic, mechanical energy
683 26 683_titanium_aluminum_al_alkaline [titanium, aluminum, al, alkaline, metals group, ba, sr, react water, atoms element, water form, iv, ca, oxygen atoms, cation, ionic compound, react, properties common, element oxygen, metals, chlorine cl, undesirable, lets, sodium na, solutions, ion example, silicates, metals oxides, zinc, tin iv, react form, oxides, good conductors, change color, gemstone, oxygen, heat electricity, mn, compound, members group, active metals, ti, zn, compound containing, form ionic, molybdenum, sulfates, metal, group, magnesium, constituents] Chemical Reactions titanium, aluminum, al, alkaline, metals group, ba, sr, react water, atoms element, water form
684 26 684_process process_process_axon hillock_hillock [process process, process, axon hillock, hillock, process called, disassemble, reform, aufbau principle, automated, persons, safer, aufbau, cheaper, disaster, mystery, consuming, chances, lay, happened, german, completed, minor, requiring, possibilities, machines, confirm, considerable, currently, procedure, consequences, bulk, severe, accurately, axon, impossible, word, subsequent, practice, build, technology, continuous, figure 35, occurred, hours, designed, led, processes, rapid, readily, quite] Process process process, process, axon hillock, hillock, process called, disassemble, reform, aufbau principle, automated, persons
685 26 685_power rate_power_rate energy_electric power [power rate, power, rate energy, electric power, power energy, power time, expressions, electric, rating, energy supplied, rate, energy used, energy transferred, watts, making connections, device, supplied, current note, given power, measuring time, work energy, consumption, rate watts, energy expended, completely different, note equation, power watts, means large, equation valid, recognizing, expended, energy conversion, convenience, scientific definition, 20 electric, power consumption, home investigation, transferred, connections, climb, motors, work work, data table, able calculate, energy power, connections home, calculate power, explain terms, short time, electrical power] Power rate power rate, power, rate energy, electric power, power energy, power time, expressions, electric, rating, energy supplied
686 26 686_energy level_level diagram_diagram_energy flow [energy level, level diagram, diagram, energy flow, energy levels, figure 30, diagram showing, energy increases, level, energy states, diagram figure, vertically, energy, lower energy, transition, energy change, labeled, states energy, 30 34, 30, section chapter, data example, useful visualizing, smaller smaller, lowest, showing, used energy, excited states, corresponding, 17 shows, ruby, energy greater, 34 figure, plots, shown figure, 19 shows, considers, lowest energy, launch, positive value, difference energy, use data, visualizing, horizontal axis, draw, linearly, figure 14, previous section, states, plotted] Energy Level energy level, level diagram, diagram, energy flow, energy levels, figure 30, diagram showing, energy increases, level, energy states
687 26 687_dna polymerase_polymerase_pol_dna pol [dna polymerase, polymerase, pol, dna pol, dna, nucleotides, strand, rna, complementary, template, synthesizes, adds, synthesis, dna nucleotides, enzyme, dna template, add, initiate, newly, dna replication, replication, extended, synthesized, 20 30, ve learned, iii, antiparallel, added base, dna fragment, methylated, short, growing, displaces, ve, players, newly synthesized, genomic dna, dna sequencing, adding, appropriately, withstand, gaps, single stranded, stranded dna, required, accessory, fills, sequence, fragment, mix] DNA Polymerase dna polymerase, polymerase, pol, dna pol, dna, nucleotides, strand, rna, complementary, template
688 26 688_charges_total charge_charge_charge point [charges, total charge, charge, charge point, previous exercise, repeat previous, point charges, repeat, remain stationary, transfer charge, apart, bare, exercise, balloons, situations, halves, created destroyed, tiny fraction, charge charge, discussing, deflected, previous, unaffected, pointing, separated, free charges, total, uncharged, facilitate, indication, placed, existing, opposite directions, destroy, positive, wish, destroyed, split, noting, indicating, positive negative, involved, course, locations, moved, negative charge, positive charge, store, manner, isolated] Charge Transfer charges, total charge, charge, charge point, previous exercise, repeat previous, point charges, repeat, remain stationary, transfer charge
689 26 689_isolation_reproductive_reproduce_species reproduce [isolation, reproductive, reproduce, species reproduce, eagle, reproduction, breeding, mate, species, closely related, ancestral species, able reproduce, isolated, unfavorable, presence absence, related organisms, multiple, variety ways, seasons, females, artificially, fertilize, closely, related species, partner, pregnant, african, reproductive structures, maturity, inability, repeatedly, biotic, enabling, diverge, act, rounds, mates, introduce, successfully, keeps, behavioral, months, season, unable, scenario, new species, temporal, environmental conditions, barriers, isolate] Isolation isolation, reproductive, reproduce, species reproduce, eagle, reproduction, breeding, mate, species, closely related
690 26 690_answer yes_happens_yes_happened [answer yes, happens, yes, happened, answer, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] Sure, the topic is about something that happens. answer yes, happens, yes, happened, answer, , , , ,
691 26 691_60_rev_32_ [60, rev, 32, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 60 rev 32 60, rev, 32, , , , , , ,
692 26 692_54___ [54, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 54 54, , , , , , , , ,
693 26 693_node_depolarization_ventricles_pacemaker [node, depolarization, ventricles, pacemaker, heart, sa, cardiac, contract, pulse, right, electrical signals, spreading, cardiac muscle, 20 30, followed, electrical, located near, muscle cells, impulse, beating, bundle, wave, contraction, excitation, generated, signal, contractions, beats, pump, internal, contract relax, signals, reaches, graphic, major features, pause, wall, starts, electrical impulses, septum, help regulate, located, implant, fibers, outer surface, finally, heartbeat, initiated, relax, blood lungs] Ventricles node, depolarization, ventricles, pacemaker, heart, sa, cardiac, contract, pulse, right
694 26 694_genes_animal development_animal_antennae [genes, animal development, animal, antennae, development, animal body, animal kingdom, mouse, genes encoding, gene, transcription factors, body plans, kingdom, segments, encoding, plans, sequences, morphological, clusters, vertebrates, mice, control, alter, complexity, sets, figure 27, early nineteenth, body types, sequences called, simple complex, morphologies, century scientists, embryonic, legs, undergone, humans figure, transcriptional control, contain dna, genes determine, replaced, master, transcription, opportunities, homology, duplication, ctenophora, chordate, sequenced, body, homologous] Gene expression genes, animal development, animal, antennae, development, animal body, animal kingdom, mouse, genes encoding, gene
695 26 695_ice_player_catches_goal [ice, player, catches, goal, originally rest, stick, initially rest, shot, frictionless, turned, hit, conservation momentum, accelerates, rest, final velocity, recoils, backward, originally, kg, short distance, forces applied, velocity, flat, calculate distance, frictionless surface, final velocities, long distances, far does, initially, final, lying, investigate, velocity direction, time takes, collision, motionless, equal opposite, slowing, suppose, slides, combines, air, moving, hits, shoot, recoil, collide, slows, came, frame reference] Shot ice, player, catches, goal, originally rest, stick, initially rest, shot, frictionless, turned
696 26 696_56___ [56, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 56 56, , , , , , , , ,
697 26 697_barrier_quantum mechanical_probability finding_probability [barrier, quantum mechanical, probability finding, probability, mechanical, quantum, finding, smoothly, extremely sensitive, exponentially, particle, penetration, outside, sensitive, function, wave, fusion, important process, effect occurs, inside, produce high, energy higher, owing fact, outside nucleus, increases rate, practical applications, mechanically, reaction occur, owing, increasing temperature, porous, extremely, roll, finite, decreases, trapped, indicator, width, likely, energetic, exponential, 31, practice, practical, representing, thickness, touch, implies, process called, shorter] Barrier barrier, quantum mechanical, probability finding, probability, mechanical, quantum, finding, smoothly, extremely sensitive, exponentially
698 26 698_latent heat_temperature change_latent_heat [latent heat, temperature change, latent, heat, specific heat, heat heat, substance, mass substance, heat capacity, change temperature, transferred, different substances, depends, heat transfer, change, change mass, phase, temperature, degree celsius, capacity, specific, transfer, heat transferred, phase change, celsius, absorbs, vaporization, degree, necessary change, substance change, produces different, heat mass, substance temperature, substance object, releases, depends substance, owing fact, mass given, 14 heat, determined experimentally, temperature substance, proportional mass, change phase, intensive property, heat vaporization, transfer hot, selecting, owing, explain difference, energy temperature] latent heat latent heat, temperature change, latent, heat, specific heat, heat heat, substance, mass substance, heat capacity, change temperature
699 26 699_crop_diversity_agriculture_varieties [crop, diversity, agriculture, varieties, crops, biodiversity, agricultural, hunter, demands, societies, confer, risks, losses, grown, 000 years, rotation, rotate, beginning, human societies, improvement, densely, deforestation, populated, human, chief, nutrients soil, bred, impact, gardens, advantage, annually, loss, market, heavily, seasons, capital, cereal, wheat, legume, india, suffering, human activity, dominate, security, years ago, japan, selecting, contemporary, beans, ago] Crop diversity crop, diversity, agriculture, varieties, crops, biodiversity, agricultural, hunter, demands, societies
700 26 700_worm_host_spp_figure 28 [worm, host, spp, figure 28, parasite, parasitic, life cycle, parasites, hosts, digestive, worms, 28, eating, dogs cats, mature, altogether, intestinal tract, digested food, detach, intestine, guinea, absorb, proboscis, poorly, human diseases, ticks, chelicerates, wrapped, absorb nutrients, cats, cycle, feces, digestive systems, ft, widespread, colony, diagram shows, internally, live, infects, digested, body plan, muscle tissue, extracted, humans, intestines, oral, hi, mainly, lacks] Parasite Life Cycle worm, host, spp, figure 28, parasite, parasitic, life cycle, parasites, hosts, digestive
701 26 701_pathways_anabolic_metabolic_catabolic [pathways, anabolic, metabolic, catabolic, metabolic pathways, complex molecules, breaking, catabolic pathways, simpler, ones, require energy, chemical reactions, cell metabolism, metabolic pathway, metabolic reactions, building, metabolism, larger molecules, synthesize, inherently, reactions place, require, intermediates, complex, catabolism, reactions, carbohydrate, refers, molecules break, lipid, different compounds, certain molecules, final product, step reaction, biochemical reactions, processes, cellular, economical, compounds called, genes involved, energy second, cell function, molecules, involve, cellular processes, pathway, metabolic processes, input energy, energy production, interconnected] Metabolic Pathways pathways, anabolic, metabolic, catabolic, metabolic pathways, complex molecules, breaking, catabolic pathways, simpler, ones
702 26 702_53___ [53, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 53 53, , , , , , , , ,
703 26 703_calcium_kidneys_levels_response low [calcium, kidneys, levels, response low, stimulates, low blood, hormone, intestines, reabsorption, absorption, thyroid, enhances, dietary, blood, glands, inhibits, figure 37, low, bone, decrease blood, skeleton, extremely low, intestine, targeting, chief, glands produce, levels blood, impaired, work mikael, häggström, mikael häggström, mikael, calcium ion, increases blood, low levels, indirect, work nci, deposition, reabsorbed, produced, sustained, nci, acts, excretion, response, inhibited, 37, specialized cells, estrogen, muscle contraction] Calcium levels in the kidneys calcium, kidneys, levels, response low, stimulates, low blood, hormone, intestines, reabsorption, absorption
704 25 704_dissipated_power_resistor_calculate power [dissipated, power, resistor, calculate power, resistors, strategy solution, resistance, similarly discussion, resistance resistivity, power supplied, electric power, extension, average power, joule, discussion, resistivity, source, ohm law, power output, ohm, supplied, total, resistor voltage, easiest way, means energy, way calculate, given discussion, power watts, 20 calculating, energy strategy, transmission, using equations, total current, current induced, voltage resistance, cord, calculate, transmission lines, assuming constant, cheaper, dissipation, connected parallel, energy learning, power source, 20 electric, strategy, wire resistance, gives solution, equals, power energy] Power Calculation dissipated, power, resistor, calculate power, resistors, strategy solution, resistance, similarly discussion, resistance resistivity, power supplied
705 25 705_solar_solar energy_electricity_sunlight [solar, solar energy, electricity, sunlight, trough, electrical energy, array, concentrate, converted, home, generating, output, silicon, electrically, energy converted, design, virtual, rafts, plants different, used world, energy mechanical, converting, create, fluid figure, used today, reactions chemical, concentrates, business, converting energy, run, impinging, 2014, 25 10, output current, temperature differences, sun energy, energy electrical, solution problem, telephone, use large, concentrating, energy conversion, used generate, wired, department energy, thermal, direct current, solar radiation, reflective, device called] Solar Energy solar, solar energy, electricity, sunlight, trough, electrical energy, array, concentrate, converted, home
706 25 706_child_swing_children_pushing [child, swing, children, pushing, push, door, pushes, center gravity, snow, suspended, counteract, lowest point, plus, forces shown, figure 33, harness, shoulders, example figure, exerts, hang, force distance, 33 figure, center, opposite sides, hinges, bounces, forces exerted, initially rest, pulls, challenge, started, force friction, sled, exerting, pulling, external forces, center mass, exerts force, problem consider, walk, does work, opposite directions, long does, mother, motions, driven, horizontally, forces, looking, circumstances] Push child, swing, children, pushing, push, door, pushes, center gravity, snow, suspended
707 25 707_motor_input_output_current [motor, input, output, current, truck, battery, motors, draws, automobile, internal resistance, engine, supplied, capable producing, high current, greater smaller, ratio new, fairly large, peak power, used supply, frictional forces, maximum, large large, car, effective resistance, output current, kw, automobiles, resistance, 220, required produce, car engine, current current, supply, power supplied, short circuit, resistance current, starting, currents, 240, 00, inexpensive, 96, setting, puts, utilizes, frictional, compartment, passenger, fairly, charging] Motor-Battery-Output motor, input, output, current, truck, battery, motors, draws, automobile, internal resistance
708 25 708_hcl_solution hcl_hcl solution_concentrated [hcl, solution hcl, hcl solution, concentrated, hydrochloric acid, hydrochloric, general chemistry, solution density, solution, mass percentage, contained, laboratory, bottle, 745, required make, solution temperature, learning volume, calls, hcch, learning predict, percentage, mathematical approach, calculations using, check learning, estimate, portion, hcl hbr, isn, chemistry, following question, solution reaction, solution prepared, percent mass, kilojoules, pt, hcn, reaction occur, solution mass, mass solution, amine, hbr, aqueous, check, imfs, outlined, examination, placement, acid solution, produced reaction, solution contains] Concentration hcl, solution hcl, hcl solution, concentrated, hydrochloric acid, hydrochloric, general chemistry, solution density, solution, mass percentage
709 25 709_basic forces_basic_forces_extended topic [basic forces, basic, forces, extended topic, topic, extended, distinct, manifestations, nature, introduction, gravitational force, electromagnetic force, weak force, carrier particles, circumstances, 33, table lists, nuclear force, forces learning, particles observed, difficult detect, forces discussed, detect presence, website http, proposed, weak, various points, force gravitational, underlie, gravitational, table given, weakest, extraordinarily, able understand, visit website, categorized, carrier, text, summarized table, able state, force, explain terms, weak nuclear, exploring, summarizes, various types, ask, remarkable, fundamental, strong force] Basic Forces basic forces, basic, forces, extended topic, topic, extended, distinct, manifestations, nature, introduction
710 25 710_soup_cans_roll_slipping [soup, cans, roll, slipping, rolls, ramp, rolling, incline, slides, spoon, goes, ignore, ke, puts, fork, gravitational potential, slid, different rates, rolled, leaving, starts, sticks, translation, potential energy, comes, example use, slip, starting rest, energy goes, rotation, tomato, bowl, 18 figure, initial, coating, frictionless, slower, holding, identical, rotates, gravitational, race, energy converted, figure 10, entirely, quality, rest, controls, initial velocity, rotate] Soup soup, cans, roll, slipping, rolls, ramp, rolling, incline, slides, spoon
711 25 711_nutrient_figure 31_plant_plants [nutrient, figure 31, plant, plants, nutrients, deficiency, plant growth, crops, grown, organic, nutrition, growth, 31, synthesize, plant like, enzymes convert, plants water, inadequate, affect plant, obtain nutrients, advent, autotrophic, grocery store, growth figure, controlled conditions, symbiosis, organisms plants, term describes, improves, decomposing, compound used, strictly, derived, grocery, distinguishes, market, growing, niche, carbon compounds, packaging, controversial, partners, absorb nutrients, researchers use, magnesium, organisms, obtains, vegetables, cell death, evident] Nutrient nutrient, figure 31, plant, plants, nutrients, deficiency, plant growth, crops, grown, organic
712 25 712_paper_sheet_blow_edge [paper, sheet, blow, edge, sheet paper, lips, strips, search, page, hold, cut, hit, attach, speak, pause, pen, online, button, cloth, reset, pulp, cotton, mouth, increase volume, behave like, doubles, tape, home investigation, sheets, vibrate, withstand, music, connections home, investigation, strip, finger, hand, help, fingers, hands, plays, pieces, discharge, white, behave, try, moves, making connections, note, reading] Edge paper, sheet, blow, edge, sheet paper, lips, strips, search, page, hold
713 25 713_mammals_lay_eggs_unique mammals [mammals, lay, eggs, unique mammals, young, mammary glands, mammary, birth, possess, placenta, 000 species, giving, fetus, connects, clades, belong, mother, orders, nutrient, body temperature, lays, clade, spiny, curid, burrowing, 60 percent, nests, guinea, 18 20, 35 figure, family, elephants, allowing, glands, living, females, species, thirds, major groups, unique, living species, hunting, belongs, climbing, widespread, sticky, figure 29, possesses, live, males females] Mammals lay eggs. mammals, lay, eggs, unique mammals, young, mammary glands, mammary, birth, possess, placenta
714 25 714_kingdom_dog_animal kingdom_features [kingdom, dog, animal kingdom, features, animal, classify, classification, animals, animalia, embryological, 27, embryonic development, subspecies, development, kingdoms, distinguish, sponges, scheme, eukarya, embryonic, germ layers, arose, evolutionary history, dogs, germ, morphology, complexity, characterization, scientists developed, widest, domain, organisms including, organisms, animals evolved, organisms plants, faced, affinities, classification scheme, common, explain differences, beings, human beings, history, share, governing, animals figure, following list, creatures, classifications, 20 shows] Kingdom kingdom, dog, animal kingdom, features, animal, classify, classification, animals, animalia, embryological
715 25 715_starting point_starting_pythagorean theorem_pythagorean [starting point, starting, pythagorean theorem, pythagorean, compass, final position, angles, triangles, connecting, theorem, right triangle, acceptance, triangle, angle, correctly, orientation, far, labeled, solution distance, simple trigonometry, 30 52, line, fourth, calculates, points opposite, screen, legs, bragg equation, credit jon, abc, line figure, distance points, shortest distance, note equation, length, sides, given solution, clockwise direction, angle given, similarly discussion, direction, equation sin, right figure, direction note, previous equation, trigonometry, values given, bragg, using information, used solve] Starting Point starting point, starting, pythagorean theorem, pythagorean, compass, final position, angles, triangles, connecting, theorem
716 25 716_62___ [62, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 62 62, , , , , , , , ,
717 25 717_sporangia_spores_sporopollenin_gametophyte [sporangia, spores, sporopollenin, gametophyte, sporophyte, haploid, slender, underside, 1n, diploid, formed figure, mature, complex structure, structure allows, literally means, innovation, sporophytes, ploidy, unusually, bright field, field light, following structures, survived, dedicated, parent plant, attributed, light micrograph, seedless plants, literally, reproductive structures, micrograph shows, plural, structures called, branching, produce haploid, tough, moss, singular, bears, spore, capsule, sp, polymer, bryophytes, tubular, reproductive, degradation, ending, differentiate, dispersal] Sporangia sporangia, spores, sporopollenin, gametophyte, sporophyte, haploid, slender, underside, 1n, diploid
718 25 718_care_parental care_offspring_parental [care, parental care, offspring, parental, survival, reproduction, later life, reproductive, better able, survive, vulnerable, fecundity, life history, early, timing, reproducing, experienced, predation, species, reproduce, provide, parents, ensure, late, evolutionary, able provide, early life, species marine, presumably, usually small, time high, make sure, expend, energy expended, health, species use, species reproduce, reproduced, strategies, terms energy, species large, multiple species, usually, marine invertebrates, reproductive strategies, resources, history, reproduces, expended, demands] Care care, parental care, offspring, parental, survival, reproduction, later life, reproductive, better able, survive
719 25 719_path_simulation_paths_actual [path, simulation, paths, actual, explain effect, path taken, ending, exactly, forces vary, independent path, depend path, reversible, simplification, starting ending, ending points, shown, imaginary, blocking, heights, length difference, starting, reverse, taken, path length, presents, explain, getting, hazard, assumed, starting point, tremendous, overcome, obvious, consequences, points, increased, phase change, complicated, impossible, assumption, words, 25 25, point, details, mean, difference, depend, dependent, shown figure, highly] Path Simulation path, simulation, paths, actual, explain effect, path taken, ending, exactly, forces vary, independent path
720 25 720_convection_chill_conduction_air [convection, chill, conduction, air, wind, hot air, colder, radiates, rate heat, gray, driven, rises, transfers, infrared, air given, produced figure, wind speed, conduct heat, cold air, readout, cold, decreases temperature, thermal energy, realistic, rate energy, slow, person body, increases rate, air flow, negligibly, increase rate, transfers energy, thermal, vent, upper body, faster, dry air, touches, replaces, quickly, factors, connections, away, abnormalities, natural, real world, cooler, given temperature, feels, infrared radiation] Convection convection, chill, conduction, air, wind, hot air, colder, radiates, rate heat, gray
721 25 721_mucus_insects_trachea_book [mucus, insects, trachea, book, lungs, respiratory, traps, hemocoel, mucous, cilia, stack, openings, cuticle, works, respiratory structures, tubes, terrestrial environments, smoking, salts water, high water, pockets, particulate matter, aquatic environments, shaped like, entire body, direct contact, immature, ciliated, aquatic, particulate, seal, ticks, sporopollenin, spiders, environments, passages, tracheids, arthropod, waxy, cells contain, sticky, direct, enter, glycoprotein, resembles, coated, airways, hairs, trap, nasal] Trachea mucus, insects, trachea, book, lungs, respiratory, traps, hemocoel, mucous, cilia
722 25 722_neurons_structural support_figure 35_support [neurons, structural support, figure 35, support, different functions, cells shown, provide, nervous, neuronal, satellite, cells, structural, central nervous, 35, brain, chemical environment, express, serve, developing, nutrients, cells express, functions, debris, cast, nerve cell, peripheral nervous, evidence suggests, maintain, workers, nerve impulse, harm, cells form, types, site https, nutritional, cns, nerve, efficiently, signaling, unable, requirements, environment, migrate, cells cells, guide, shown, vital, axons, radial, peripheral] Neurons neurons, structural support, figure 35, support, different functions, cells shown, provide, nervous, neuronal, satellite
723 25 723_markers_mapping_genetic_map [markers, mapping, genetic, map, physical, linkage, recombination, genes, genome, marker, scientists use, sequence, provide, chromosome, hybrid, base pairs, exact, detailed, picture, analysis, requires, genetic physical, measured terms, technology, sequencing, distances measured, sequence genome, genes determine, detailed information, distance, determine approximate, using known, single nucleotide, credit national, repeats, process requires, increases decreases, scientists, nucleotides, used create, integration, locating, genes chromosome, artificially, outline, dna sequencing, highway, grid, mountains, tagged] Markers markers, mapping, genetic, map, physical, linkage, recombination, genes, genome, marker
724 25 724_wings_wing_insects_bat [wings, wing, insects, bat, bats, fly, bird, flying, birds, completely different, winged, birds insects, insect, homologous, independently, embryonic, flight, finger, origin, evolved, analogous, common ancestor, inherited, example used, fourth, ancestor, distinctly different, evolved different, foundations, exaggerated, formally, served, similar structure, distinctly, share, bones, structures, mystery, arrival, spans, 12 shows, elongated, evolution, share common, descendants, butterfly, separately, analogy, evolutionary, span] Different wings, wing, insects, bat, bats, fly, bird, flying, birds, completely different
725 25 725_55___ [55, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] 55 55, , , , , , , , ,
726 25 726_unknowns_identify_needs_exactly [unknowns, identify, needs, exactly, determined, problem, want, identify knowns, knowns, solve, problems, order solve, assessing, solve temperature, need solve, need, solve problems, solve unknown, question, inferred, unknown, equation solve, difficulty, purpose, identifying, know, trace, obvious, accurately, practice, principles, stated, identified, sufficient, target, apply, especially, quantity, sequence, quantities, described, nature, needed, step, complex, source, order, known, constant, equation] Problem unknowns, identify, needs, exactly, determined, problem, want, identify knowns, knowns, solve
727 25 727_paramagnetic_unpaired_unpaired electrons_magnet [paramagnetic, unpaired, unpaired electrons, magnet, magnetic, pour, magnetic field, repelled, confirms, atom ion, attracted, moment, paired, materials, spin, electrons, field, number electrons, poles, permanent magnets, large percentage, field called, ions contain, magnetic fields, metal complexes, attraction, behavior, past, odd number, oxygen, collects, molecules like, molecules contain, weakly, number valence, demonstrates, liquid, electron atom, arises, liquid nitrogen, diatomic molecules, strongest, alignment, floats, tendency, odd, contain, spins, stay, transition metal] Unpaired Electrons paramagnetic, unpaired, unpaired electrons, magnet, magnetic, pour, magnetic field, repelled, confirms, atom ion
728 25 728_conductors_semiconductors_band_insulators [conductors, semiconductors, band, insulators, conduct, conduction, electricity, good conductors, small energy, good, free charges, valence, bands, poor, energy difference, free electrons, semiconductor, gap, electrons valence, free, energy required, aluminum, electrical, easy, properties make, note table, certain circumstances, copper, conduct heat, bound nuclei, energy provided, increases number, energy type, materials, agitation, intermediate, gold, carry current, thermal, best, heat electricity, values table, electrical current, conductor, table 20, temperature increased, higher lower, better, silver, carry] Conductors conductors, semiconductors, band, insulators, conduct, conduction, electricity, good conductors, small energy, good
729 25 729_charges_charge_00 00_charge negative [charges, charge, 00 00, charge negative, opposite charges, point charges, balls, magnitude force, point charge, distributed, magnitude, 00, negative charge, answer imply, large charge, answers questions, nc, isolating, car mass, greater magnitude, distance centers, magnitude charge, charge point, attractive, force attractive, does answer, evenly distributed, charge charge, unlike charges, 750, utilizing, like charges, test charge, act like, insulating, paint, equal opposite, mg, arrive, placed, force zero, equal magnitude, evenly, static electricity, problem consider, centers, force acting, discuss, lift, implications] Charges charges, charge, 00 00, charge negative, opposite charges, point charges, balls, magnitude force, point charge, distributed
730 25 730_radio_radio waves_tv_satellite [radio, radio waves, tv, satellite, waves, electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic, dish, signals, waves used, extremely low, microwaves, produced currents, antenna, frequencies, submarine, category, low frequency, cable, figure 24, sent, electromagnetic wave, gamma, ranging, reach, use high, residential, chemical environment, internet, use various, lowest frequency, transmission, used transmit, submarines, wave, wires, cell phone, good conductor, networks, telephone, tvs, organizations, phones, frequency, remote, gamma ray, surface figure, intended, airplanes, devices] Radio waves radio, radio waves, tv, satellite, waves, electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic, dish, signals, waves used
731 25 731_holes_anions_cations_octahedral [holes, anions, cations, octahedral, occupy, tetrahedral, array, hole, cubic, cation anion, anion, occupied, cation, simple cubic, packed, closest, larger, figure 10, corners, 57, 58, octahedron, adjacent, ratio, adopt, relative sizes, tetrahedron, plane, directly related, filled, cations anions, remain, size shape, spacing, open, relatively small, compound, simple, ratios, ionic compound, layer, types, compounds, nacl, sizes, arranged, maximum, fit, usually, remaining] Holes holes, anions, cations, octahedral, occupy, tetrahedral, array, hole, cubic, cation anion
732 25 732_percent composition_composition_percent_empirical [percent composition, composition, percent, empirical, compound, empirical formula, mass percentage, formula, given element, percentage, formulas, element compound, percentages, molar, mass compound, masses, molar mass, element, constituent, mass element, mass molar, calculate percent, determining, carbon oxygen, used derive, solution calculate, deriving, convenient, derive, mass, chemical formula, makeup, calculation, formula mass, derived, molecular formula, showed, dividing, experimentally, elemental, analysis, elements, element different, determining empirical, calculation percent, elements example, measure relative, different compounds, tentative, previously mentioned] Percent Composition percent composition, composition, percent, empirical, compound, empirical formula, mass percentage, formula, given element, percentage

2. Topic Hierarchy

How topics cluster together based on semantic similarity.

3. Topic Map

2D visualization of topic clusters.

4. Global Topic Similarity

Heatmap of cosine similarity between all topics.

5. Subject Composition

What topics make up each subject?

6. Subject Distribution per Topic

Select a topic to see which subjects it appears in.

7. Per-Subject Topic Similarity

How topics relate within specific subjects.

8. Cosine Similarity Validation

Comparing Chapter Embeddings vs. Summed Page Embeddings.

subject chapter num_pages cosine_similarity
biology chapter_30 42 0.9309
biology chapter_13 18 0.9280
biology chapter_24 34 0.9276
biology chapter_42 34 0.9272
biology chapter_32 32 0.9259
biology chapter_12 32 0.9202
biology chapter_46 30 0.9182
biology chapter_23 38 0.9173
biology chapter_25 28 0.9171
biology chapter_21 30 0.9169
biology chapter_31 18 0.9162
biology chapter_15 28 0.9162
biology chapter_29 52 0.9142
biology chapter_28 56 0.9138
biology chapter_11 18 0.9135
biology chapter_44 36 0.9101
biology chapter_39 26 0.9089
biology chapter_22 38 0.9065
biology chapter_47 32 0.9060
biology chapter_27 26 0.9057
biology chapter_19 20 0.9052
biology chapter_10 28 0.9047
biology chapter_38 42 0.9037
biology chapter_43 36 0.9033
biology chapter_41 20 0.9015
biology chapter_34 30 0.9004
biology chapter_08 22 0.8992
biology chapter_26 30 0.8985
biology chapter_45 48 0.8980
biology chapter_07 28 0.8967
biology chapter_40 24 0.8967
biology chapter_17 28 0.8965
biology chapter_37 32 0.8958
biology chapter_04 34 0.8934
biology chapter_14 28 0.8932
biology chapter_35 40 0.8918
biology chapter_16 24 0.8904
biology chapter_36 32 0.8901
biology chapter_18 24 0.8898
biology chapter_20 20 0.8894
chemistry chapter_07 62 0.8892
physics chapter_26 34 0.8886
biology chapter_05 32 0.8880
chemistry chapter_21 56 0.8869
chemistry chapter_02 56 0.8868
biology chapter_03 36 0.8862
chemistry chapter_20 44 0.8848
biology chapter_09 26 0.8821
chemistry chapter_09 60 0.8790
chemistry chapter_08 40 0.8746
physics chapter_33 36 0.8743
biology chapter_33 26 0.8697
chemistry chapter_03 42 0.8677
chemistry chapter_11 52 0.8645
physics chapter_25 54 0.8639
physics chapter_17 48 0.8613
chemistry chapter_18 78 0.8611
chemistry chapter_10 72 0.8604
biology chapter_01 24 0.8596
physics chapter_32 44 0.8591
biology chapter_06 26 0.8583
biology chapter_02 30 0.8583
chemistry chapter_19 42 0.8569
chemistry chapter_01 52 0.8548
chemistry chapter_06 56 0.8543
chemistry chapter_12 58 0.8528
physics chapter_18 44 0.8517
physics chapter_27 52 0.8483
physics chapter_14 46 0.8464
chemistry chapter_17 40 0.8416
physics chapter_07 54 0.8385
physics chapter_09 34 0.8384
physics chapter_30 60 0.8348
physics chapter_01 32 0.8344
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physics chapter_24 34 0.8340
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physics chapter_31 44 0.8314
physics chapter_11 50 0.8309
physics chapter_15 54 0.8271
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physics chapter_10 48 0.8161
physics chapter_13 48 0.8160
physics chapter_29 42 0.8151
physics chapter_34 34 0.8127
physics chapter_06 42 0.8124
physics chapter_03 48 0.8087
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physics chapter_04 50 0.8059
physics chapter_16 48 0.8039
physics chapter_19 40 0.7993
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physics chapter_02 62 0.7882
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physics chapter_23 60 0.7827
physics chapter_21 50 0.7824
physics chapter_08 34 0.7809
physics chapter_20 46 0.7773
physics chapter_28 40 0.7463